USING PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTERS IN ROAD TRANSPORT IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RUSSIA

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp , Article ID: IJMET_08_10_059 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed USING PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTERS IN ROAD TRANSPORT IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RUSSIA Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin, Aleksey Stanislavovich Terenchenko, Aleksey Fedorovich Kolbasov and Vladimir Nikolaevich Kondrashov Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Institute ("NAMI"), 2, Avtomotornaya St., Moscow, , Russia ABSTRACT Development of road transport is directly related with improved use of energy sources and efficiency increase upon energy conversion. Change-over to new sources of renewable energy is a promising and necessary trend in development of environmentally safe road transport. One of the approaches is investigation into solar energy and its conversion into electricity. A battery of photoelectric converters is a result of the most advanced inventions in the field of materials science. However, this trend should be combined with high efficiency of units and assemblies of a vehicle. Thus, vehicle models are based on the most recent embodiments of gearing systems, tire industry (tires with minimum rolling resistance), body work (light composite high strength materials), vehicle powertrains (high efficient traction electric motors). Due to high efficiency, more and more vehicles are being equipped with traction electric motors. Brushless DC electric motors with poles made of rare earth magnetic materials become more and more popular in car industry. Certain niche is occupied by in-wheel motors with minimum loss for torque transfer from motor to wheel. Tire manufacturers, such as Michelin, Dunlop, Continental are involved in development of tires [1,2] for electric vehicles, the coefficient of rolling resistance has already achieved Therefore, electric vehicle capable to use electric energy as much as possible and to generate it with minimum loss is the most promising type of road transport. In addition, at least the same attention should be paid to investigation into environment of vehicle operation and into efficiency of applied modern technologies in various climatic zones, especially in Russia. Keywords: Electric vehicle, solar panels, hybrids, ecology, energy efficiency, photovoltaic converters, solar car editor@iaeme.com

2 Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin, Aleksey Stanislavovich Terenchenko, Aleksey Fedorovich Kolbasov and Vladimir Nikolaevich Kondrashov Cite this Article: Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin, Aleksey Stanislavovich Terenchenko, Aleksey Fedorovich Kolbasov and Vladimir Nikolaevich Kondrashov, Using Photoelectric Converters in Road Transport in Order to Improve Energy Efficiency in Russia, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8(10), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION In the early 2000-s the development of electric vehicles started a new round. The major advantage of electric vehicle is that CO 2 emissions take place not in the area of vehicle operation but in the area of electricity generation. Thus, the areas of operation of electric vehicles, megalopolises or closed spaces, become cleaner due to decrease in CO 2 amount in ambient air. However, expenses and loss upon electricity transfer from power plants to electric vehicle are sufficiently high and, taking into account underdeveloped facilities of disposal of Li-ion cells, the environmental safety of such vehicles is problematic. It is obvious that replenishment of electric energy of traction battery and increase in travelling distance of electric vehicle using renewable energy sources are important and promising, since it leads to increase in energy efficiency and environmental safety. One of such sources is solar energy which can increase travelling distance of electric vehicle using photoelectric converters. In the early 1990-s the efficiency of photoelectric converter reached 15% which resulted in numerous inventions in the field of solar cars (electric vehicles capable to use solar energy for motion) [3,4,5]. Initially this approach was used by amateurs and then the car manufacturers stared to develop solar cars [6]. Nowadays an average photoelectric converter can demonstrate efficiency in excess of 20%, the peak values reach 40% [7]. Roofs with photoelectric converters for vehicles were used previously as experimental prototypes, they were manufactured in limited amounts, but the situation had been changed after development of more efficient converters and increased requirements to energy efficiency and environmental safety of vehicles. At present electric vehicles and hybrids with photoelectric converters are manufactured on wide scale. Toyota Motor Corporation was the first large car manufacturer presenting this option on Toyota Prius model of hybrid vehicle in At present Toyota in cooperation with Panasonic, which had developed roof for the latest Prius PHV model equipped with state-ofthe-art photoelectric converters, has presented a new model with advanced self-sustaining properties. The new battery of photoelectric converters is capable to generate 180 W against 50 W on the model of The innovative 180 W battery in the roof is known as HIT Photovoltaic Modul [8]. This version is made with consideration for recharging of both lithium-ion cell and standard 12 V lead-acid battery. The battery intended for roof installation has been developed with consideration for impact of high ambient temperature, which leads to decrease in amount of generated energy with increase in temperature. The Toyota experts state that the 180 W battery of photoelectric converters would increase energy efficiency of vehicle by 10% adding by 3.5 km of travelling distance daily. Another prominent player in car market manufacturing electric vehicles with high environmental properties and planning to implement photoelectric converters is Tesla, Inc. Tesla in cooperation with Panasonic is involved in the project on construction of plant for production of lithium ion cells, now it is announced about the plans to equip Tesla Model 3 with the roof with photoelectric converters editor@iaeme.com

3 Using Photoelectric Converters in Road Transport in Order to Improve Energy Efficiency in Russia Ford C-MAX Solar Energi model was presented in This model was developed by Ford in cooperation with Georgia Institute of Technology and SunPower corporation. The developed technology makes it possible to increase capacity of solar panels by means of Fresnel lenses following the Sun travelling, the light beam energy is focused and directed to photoelectric converters. This technology provides accumulation of about 8 kwh/day in the open air which is equivalent to four hours of charging using household power supply of 16 A. It was confirmed that operation of one C-Max Solar Energi with solar cells instead of one basic vehicle Ford C-MAX with ICE would permit to reduce atmospheric emissions of CO 2 by 4 t per year. Moreover, it is reported that conversion of the US commercial vehicle fleet to electricity accumulation using photoelectric converters would permit to reduce atmospheric emissions of CO 2 by 1 billion t per year [9]. Therefore, investigation and development of electric vehicle with supplemental source of renewable energy is an urgent and challenging task both in the field of environmental safety and improvement of energy efficiency of vehicles. However, in this regard one of key aspects is economic viability of this solution. The researches performed by NAMI are devoted to possibility of generation of electric energy using photoelectric converters on electric vehicles in Russia. 2. METHODS The study is based on system analysis, including decomposition and optimization of technical solutions. Each selected part has been analyzed separately. Empirical scientific approach is used comprised of data acquisition, scientific analysis, formulation of hypothesis, and development of theory. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The influence of zenith angle and temperature on operation of photoelectric converters has been determined on the basis of current observations of climate changes received from stations in climatic zones of Russia. The procedure and frequency of observations of main climatic properties are coordinated between the countries from about the 1960-s. Thus, such data are comparable between them, hence, representative. Meteorological stations observe changes in numerous properties. The influence of climatic conditions and zenith angle on photoelectric converters during vehicle motion has been determined on the basis of data on changes of air temperature and relative humidity. These properties are determined by meteorological stations as current observations every three hours. The data of the years have been analyzed. The data of main regional centers of climatic zones of Russia have been analyzed, where vehicle traffic is well developed and the fleet is converted to vehicles with combined power plant including photoelectric converters. This environmental effect can be obtained from the following climatic zones of Russia: moderate continental Arkhangelsk, Moscow, Astrakhan; subtropical Sochi. The cities for experiments were selected in accordance with the number of personal vehicles per capita as well as with the number of clear days per year (Fig. 1). The amount of electricity generated by photoelectric converters developed in NAMI was analyzed in the mentioned cities of various climatic zones of Russia. Electric energy was accumulated and stored using Winston Battery WB-LYP90AHA LiFeYPO4 Cell editor@iaeme.com

4 Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin, Aleksey Stanislavovich Terenchenko, Aleksey Fedorovich Kolbasov and Vladimir Nikolaevich Kondrashov Figure 1 Amount of clear days per year. Initial theoretical calculations demonstrate that photoelectric converters developed by NAMI installed in electric vehicle can generate from 312 kwh/year (Arkhangelsk) to 455 kwh/year near Astrakhan which, according to annual report by InterRAO, 2016, in the field of steady development and environmental responsibility would decrease CO 2 emissions by 223 kg. Field measurements of electricity generated by photoelectric converters in the considered cities in August September, 2017 were as follows (Fig. 2) Arkhangelsk: kwh per day, Moscow: kwh per day, Sochi: kwh per day, and Astrakhan: kwh per day. It was established that in the considered cities the following values of zenith angle were used for efficiency calculation Arkhangelsk: 65, Moscow: 56, Sochi: 43, and Astrakhan. Figure 2 Empirical data of photoelectric converters editor@iaeme.com

5 Using Photoelectric Converters in Road Transport in Order to Improve Energy Efficiency in Russia As has been demonstrated by the experimental results, in cities with subtropical climate the zenith angle has been compensated by lower amount of clear days, which has direct impact on both monthly and yearly amount of generated energy. On the basis of preliminary results, it is possible to conclude that even under conditions of moderate continental climate it is possible to produce sufficient amount of electric energy by means of photoelectric converters installed in electric vehicle aimed at improvement of its energy efficiency and environmental safety. The obtained results can be used for development and approbation of technical solutions, which increase operation efficiency of photoelectric converters in electric vehicles, hence, experimentally confirm or improve theoretical results. 4. CONCLUSION Advanced vehicles [10] will be characterized by high energy efficiency. Minimization of energy consumption for motion would inevitably improve ambient environment. In the case of electric transport, energy replenishment should be based on as low as possible conversions; the shorter is the route from a source of renewable energy, the more efficient is the energy transfer. Therefore, it is possible to highlight the most important trends of development of innovative energy sources, which would facilitate generation of electricity by vehicle itself without combustion of hydrocarbons. Such trends include investigations in the field of photoelectric converters and fuel cells. The major issue of application of solar energy is the efficiency of photoelectric converters; however, taking into consideration the ideology of compact town cars, which spend more time in static state than in motion, then the ideology of energy replenishment using Sun is rather reasonable approach. The issue of implementation of fuel cells is the absence of appropriate infrastructure [11]. An evident negative example of low potentials of such solutions is underdeveloped network of gas filling stations in Russia despite low costs and higher environmental safety of gas in comparison with diesel and petrol fuels. Development of electric vehicles with onboard systems of energy replenishment would provide reduction of toxic atmospheric emissions both in the field of electricity generation and in the field of vehicle operation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This article was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, agreement No ; unique identifier of the project: RFMEFI62417X0047. REFERENCES [1] The first MICHELIN range designed exclusively for electric vehicles, [2] Ejsmont, J., Świeczko-Żurek, B., and Taryma, S. Low noise tires for hybrid and electric vehicles. The 21st International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Beijing, [3] Russian patent : IPC B60L8/00; Solar car. [4] Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014, 2696 p. [5] Istochnik energii Solntse [Sun: Energy Source], [6] Avtomobil` na solnechnykh batareyakh [Solar cell car]. About electric power plants, editor@iaeme.com

6 Kirill Evgenievich Karpukhin, Aleksey Stanislavovich Terenchenko, Aleksey Fedorovich Kolbasov and Vladimir Nikolaevich Kondrashov [7] King, R.R., Bhusari, D., Larrabee, D., Liu, X.-Q., Rehder, E., Edmondson, K., Cotal, H., Jones, R.K., Ermer, J.H., Fetzer, C.M., Law, D.C. and Karam, N.H. Solar cell generations over 40% efficiency Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications , 2011, doi: /pip [8] Panasonic's Photovoltaic Module HIT adopted for Toyota Motor's New Prius PHV, [9] Let the sun in: ford c-max solar energi concept goes off the grid, gives glimpse of clean vehicle future. Ford Media Center, [10] Karpukhin, K. and Terenchenko, A. Features of Creation and Operation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles in Countries with Difficult Climatic Conditions, for Example, in the Russian Federation, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 157(1), Institute of Physics Publishing, 2016, p [11] Kolbasov, A.F., Karpukhin, K.E., and Debelov, V.V. Research infrastructure for personal electric transportation: current problems, possible solutions. Zurnal AAI, 2, 2017, pp [12] Swapnil Shende, Sankalp Pund, Pratik Suryawanshi, Shubhankar Potdar, Analysis of PI Controller s Manual Tuning Technique for Residential Loads Powered by Solar Photovoltaic Arrays. International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [13] Hameed Majeed Saber, Deepak Lal, Assessment of Solar Energy Distribution for Installing Solar Panels Using Remote Sensing & Gis Techniques, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), Volume 5, Issue 10, October (2014), pp [14] Manoj Kumar, Dr. F. Ansari and Dr. A. K. Jha, Analysis and Design of Grid Connected Photovoltaic System, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 2, July September (2012), pp [15] Indulekha Sajeev and Shemi P A, Bidirectional Full-Bridge Dc-Dc Converter With Flyback Snubber for Photovoltaic Applications, International Journal Of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 5, Issue 12, December (2014), pp [16] Sofia Lalouni, Djamila Rekioua, Control of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System with Battery Storage, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 1, January- February (2013), pp editor@iaeme.com