Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madras

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Egbert Abraham Fleming
6 years ago
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1 Ashok Jhunjhunwala, IIT Madras 1

2 » Huge power shortage during peak hours As evident from the fluctuating prices at Power Markets at source + Day variation of Rs 2 to 4.5 per unit + Prices vary from Rs 2 to 12 per unit in one week About 50 to 70% needs to be added to the price to account for T&D and operation costs 2

3 Solar PV power price at DC level Lead acid battery PV cost per kw sun-hours per day 6 Battery cost (per kwh) Rs. 6, Battery cost (to deliver 1kWh) Rs. 15, interest rate % 10% sun-days / year 300 discharge 40% depreciation (years) 4.11 Number of cycles depreciation (yrs) 1500 Storage 20 cost total per units unit gen per year -Rs interest rate yearly payment 14% Rs. -7,048 Losses 10% cycles used per day 1 price per unit Rs. 4.61s Losses 10%

» Lighting CFL is four times more energy efficient than tungsten bulb and neutral to AC or DC power LEDs, 4 to 10 times more efficient than CFL, use only DC power» Motor: small BLDC motor 2 time

motor An air-conditioner has a motor (even-though it involves cooling) A washing-machine / grinder is a motor» Electronics: all electronics (mobiles/tv/computers) use low voltage DC Need an ac/dc

4 » Lighting CFL is four times more energy efficient than tungsten bulb and neutral to AC or DC power LEDs, 4 to 10 times more efficient than CFL, use only DC power» Motor: small BLDC motor 2 time energy efficient as compared to AC motor + Historically brush replacement needed but not anymore A fan is primarily a motor a dc fan also allows better speed control A refrigerator is essentially a motor An air-conditioner has a motor (even-though it involves cooling) A washing-machine / grinder is a motor» Electronics: all electronics (mobiles/tv/computers) use low voltage DC Need an ac/dc power adaptor to charge» World switched to AC primarily for transmission of power Any ac / dc conversion or vice-versa implies 7 to 15% losses Has time come to switch back at least at customer s premises? solar can then be used directly in buildings Can IT industry lead this change? 4

» Would be ideal in day time: complement grid Direct usage in offices / shopping malls can reduce the day time peak load + Makes economic sense today, provided there is space for solar PV

5 » Would be ideal in day time: complement grid Direct usage in offices / shopping malls can reduce the day time peak load + Makes economic sense today, provided there is space for solar PV installation Natural Load demand match for cooling no additional land cost; T&D losses controlled + Gradual shift to DC usage will add cost and energy-efficiency» What about evening peak loads? Solar can not help Reducing consumption by introduction of time of day metering + Can one start and close office early!! Reducing load by enhancing efficiency Using some storage 5

6 Mains Grid Grid Connected Solar Inverter with MPPT DC and AC Disconnect Provisions DG with ON/OFF Control Grid Charger Battery Bank Electrical Load with Load Control Smart controller for peak shaving DG turn ON/OFF, battery charge / discharge current, Load control Grid-Connect Inverter AC DC State of Charge Monitoring & Control Battery (controlled charge and discharge control) 6

7 » Minimize use of Power during peak time Time of day metering would PUSH Use solar / stored power» When should my lap-top charge / tablets / phones? During non-peak hours When my battery is running out or if I am expected to travel When solar gives me excess power.. + Can my lap-top charger communicatewith smart-controller and figure out when to charge» Can I have DC powered socket Standard? + What should be the voltage? Losses in local grid + Design IT devices to take in large DC power variations 7

8 » AC dominate energy consumption Do not cool the room + Cool the chip directly by water / fluid flowing on to heat-sinks Monitor temperatures and control compute load of processors Compute energy : total energy -> can we aim for Tflop high-performance machine with integrated storage KW peak power + Can be directly powered by SUN during day time Smaller servers can similarly be powered by SUN» Can one dream of IT devices be completely powered by SUN during day-time.. DISCUSSIONS 8

Innovation to Overcome Complex Problems

06-07-2013 Social Innovation Conference by AMA 1 Innovation to Overcome Complex Problems Ashok Jhunjhunwala IIT Madras ahsok@tenet.res.in 06-07-2013 Social Innovation Conference by AMA 2 Leveraging ICT