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1 - Solar PV systems and integration - 1

2 Content Part 2 1. Single line diagrams of Solar PV systems 2. Integration of Solar PV components 3. Understanding batteries Realisation 4. Different Solar PV systems and grid interaction 5. Load profiles; before and after Solar PV 2

3 - Solar PV single line diagrams - 3

4 Agenda Solar PV Single line diagrams 1. Large (MW range) plants Centralized inverters Decentralized inverters 2. Small systems (kw range) Office buildings Residential 4

5 Large plants (MW range) Centralized inverters Typically large inverter(s) that converts the whole PV plant from DC to AC Size range; 100kW to 2MW Decentralized inverters Multiple smaller inverters are located close to each of the PV strings that feed them Lower impact if one inverter fails; higher reliability 5

6 Centralized inverters Courtesy: Siemens 6

7 Decentralized inverters Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 7

8 Decentralized inverters Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 8

9 Office building PV single line diagram PV PANELS DC GRID TIED INVERTER GRID kwh meter CHARGER/ INVERTER / ISLAND SYSTEM AC ISOLATOR AC DC AC BUILDING DB ESSENTIAL LOADS NON- ESSENTIAL LOADS Coil AC AC DC BATTERY Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 9

10 Residential PV single line diagram Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 10

11 Grid tied inverter - example Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 11

12 Bi-directional inverter - example Earthing Contact closes when inverter input contactor is open From municipality - with earth supply To loads Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 12

13 DC wiring example Provided by SUNfarming Pty Ltd 13

14 - Integration of Solar PV components (safety and best practice) 14

15 Integration of Solar PV components Agenda 1. Solar PV system breakdown 2. PV modules and working with them 3. Mounting structure 4. DC cables and DC interconnection 5. Inverters and charge controllers Inverter AC input/output Inverter/Charge controller DC input/output 6. Battery Charging 15

16 Solar PV system breakdown (Simple) DC fuse and surge protection DC disconnect switch DB 16

17 Solar PV system breakdown (Detailed) PV modules DC strings DC combiner box Earthing 17

18 PV modules (1 & 2) General At least Class C fire rating (According to IEC , ANSI 790 or UL 1703). For highly flammable roofs Class A or B is recommended Junction boxes should be water proof (IP 65 or better) PV module should be equipotential bonded with structure Maximum DC string voltage (in coldest conditions) Recommend same wattage size, type, brand and condition/age (Address the issue of maximum current as well) DC Connector plugs (MC4, SUNCLIX or other DC rated connectors) DC cable; Labelled for DC/PV and rated for 1000V 18

19 Mounting structure Note PV module size and mounting structure; 35,40,50mm frames. Check for clashing of metals (special selection for coastal areas) Structure should be tested for wind load and/or potential weight Structure needs to be grounded 19

20 DC cables/wire (2, 3 & 4) Must be rated for DC and 1000V Each string should be fused with a DC rated fuse (especially for two strings or more) Recommended to not form unnecessary loops Recommended cables fixed to mounting structure; not laying on roof Recommended cables exposed to the environment should be enclosed/protected Recommend to use steel straps or at least UV protected cable ties Cables to be protected from sharp bends and edges 20

21 DC interconnections (2,3,4 & 6) Preferably correct colour coded cables Red - Positive Black Negative. If not; Must be labelled with positive and negative DC Connector plugs (MC4, SUNCLIX or other DC rated connectors). All DC connections and conduction sections should be enclosed and/or insulated. NEVER disconnect PV module connectors or other associated PV wiring when it is under load. Proper DC disconnection devices should be used or Disconnection should take place at night 21

22 AC versus DC breaking 22

23 DC Surge protection (4 & 7) Highly recommended; in addition to Lightning protection assessment. (Like insurance) Protects the inverter from indirect surges and potential surge faults. Installed between PV array and Inverter/charge controller. Can be installed inside of inverter (SMA GTI) Sized up to 500Vdc or 1000Vdc Needs proper Earthing 23

24 DC side of charge controller or GTI (6 & 7) Must have external DC rated disconnection switch/breaker Should be installed according to manual; Internal Capacitors needs to discharge To note Maximum DC string voltage (in coldest conditions) Operating voltage range (Efficiency) Minimum DC voltage DC cable connection size; 4-10mm² Connection point - MC4, SUNCLIX, Bolt or terminal Maximum DC power/input current Sizing factor 24

25 Grid tied inverter (AC Side; 7,8 & 9) AC Connection point size; 4, 6, 10 or 16mm² Max AC connection size (Utility); Amps (Power) 25% for main breaker size for residential 75% of main breaker size for non-residential AC circuit breaker:use appropriate overcurrent protective device and type. Single or Three phase Anti-islanding Earthing Equipment are listed by recognised testing agency (NRS , 2010/2017) 25

26 Island or stand alone Inverter Minimum DC voltage Operating DC voltage range AC connection point size DC connection point size Sizing factor; Amps (Power) Anti-islanding in addition for Island systems 26

27 - Understanding Batteries: Realisation - 27

28 Understanding Batteries: Realisation Agenda 1. Battery installation Safety 2. Battery installation Location 3. Battery installation Assembly 28

29 Battery installation - Safety Working with battery back-up systems can be the most dangerous part of solar electric installations and maintenance. Make sure all employees working with batteries understand the dangers and safety codes relevant to battery systems. Both lead and acid are harmful chemicals. Lead is known to cause reproductive harm and acid can cause severe burns. Care should always be taken to prevent arcing at or near battery terminals. 29

30 Battery installation - Safety Open main DC disconnect switch between the batteries and the inverter prior to servicing or working on the battery bank. High current potential can create electrical arc hazards. Metal tools and personal jewelry can create arcing on batteries that lead to severe burns or battery explosions. Remove personal jewelry and use only appropriate tools when working on batteries. When working on batteries it is recommended that eye protection be worn. Dead batteries are considered hazardous and must be recycled properly. 30

31 Battery installation - Location Before installing consideration should be taken into account of accessibility of cells in location. (Install and removal) Choose a location that is well ventilated The ceiling height should be as high as possible. Room should be well lit; with electric lighting to be installed a meter or more below the ceiling and a meter or more above the battery. 31

32 Battery installation - Location Should location have an environment that could produce sparks or any source of ignition consideration should be given to addition of a gas recombiner (Like AquaGen) or use of a Gel cell. Minimum safety distance for cells from a potential source of ignition is 1200mm Flooded/Wet: The area must be level; cells can only be installed in 100% level location; preferably on a rack. Minimum distance from a wall for cells is 150mm. 32

33 Battery installation Example Safety distance Provided by Hoppecke South Africa 33

34 - Solar PV systems and grid interaction- 34

35 Agenda Different types of solar systems Types of systems 1. Simple solar battery charger 2. Straight/pure Back-up system 3. Grid tied system 4. Off grid/stand alone system (DC Coupled) 5. Off grid/stand alone system (AC Coupled) 6. Island system (DC Coupled) 7. Island system (AC Coupled) 8. Hybrid/Island and other systems 35

36 Different types of solar systems Agenda Operation of systems 1. Basic operation of Island inverter (SMA Sunny Island) 2. Peak shaving using power assist 3. Operation of Hybrid Solar PV systems (Generator and PV) 36

37 Simple solar battery charger Charge controller Figure 1: DC systems. (Victron Energy 2015: 14) 37

38 Straight/Pure back-up system Public grid Battery inverter Load Battery In normal operation, the public grid supplies the loads and charges the battery If the grid fails, the Sunny Island forms a stand-alone grid after a maximum of 30 ms, and supplies the loads Hold-up time depends on battery capacity 38

39 Grid tied system Grid Grid tied inverter kwh meter DC AC OUT House Cannot function when grid is not available 39

40 Off-grid system (DC Coupled) Bi-directional inverter Charge controller Figure 3: (Vitcron Energy 2015: 15) 40

41 Off-grid system (AC Coupled) AC OUT Inverter 41

42 Local Grid Island system (DC Coupled) kwh meter Bi-directional inverter Charge controller Figure 3: (Vitcron Energy 2015: 15) 42

43 Local Grid Island system (AC Coupled) kwh meter AC OUT Inverter 43

44 Grid Hybrid/Island System kwh meter Bi-directional inverter Charge controller 44

45 Backup/storage and separate Grid tied Grid Tied Inverter 45

46 Grid tied parallel with storage/backup system 46

47 Basic operation of Island inverter Used for Off-grid 47

48 Off-Grid system with solar power Used for Off-grid PPV < PLoad 48

49 Off-Grid system with solar power Used for Off-grid PPV > PLoad 49

50 Off-Grid system with solar and generator power Used for Off-grid with generator PPV < PLoad 50

51 Off-Grid system with solar and Used for Off-grid with generator generator power PPV < PLoad 51

52 Adjustable battery SOC limits SOC1 State-of-Charge Limit for generator start User set to 70% (example) Generator start requested SOC 100% 70% 50% 40% 52

53 Adjustable battery SOC limits SOC2 State-of-Charge Limit for load shedding User set to 50% (example) System SOC warning Load shedding SOC 100% 70% 50% 40% Generator Failure! 53

54 Peak shaving using Power assist Some Island inverters have the capability to provide additional power when the grid is under constrain This feature is very valuable in cases where The available capacity is too small The client wants to reduce their maximum demand Client wants to install smaller generator 54

55 Inverting When no grid or generator is connected the Island inverter will supply the AC loads from the battery grid or generator house loads 55

56 Charging and supplying house loads When connected to grid or generator the Island inverter will supply the AC loads and will charge the battery grid or generator house loads 56

57 Charging and supplying house loads When the house load increases the battery charge current reduces grid or generator house loads 57

58 PowerAssist (or grid assist) The AC load increases further, battery charging stops and battery will also provide additional power to the AC load grid or generator house loads 58

59 Charging and supplying house loads When the house load decreases again the battery starts to charge again grid or generator house loads 59

60 - Load profiles; Before and after PV - 60

61 Load Profiles; Before and after PV Agenda 1. Residential Load Profile 2. Factory average daily load profile 3. Spar load profile with over sized PV system 4. Pick & Pay load profile with undersized PV system 61

62 Residential load profile (Sunny Day) PV size 50% of peak demand export 62

63 Factory load profile: Weekday 63

64 Factory load profile: Saturday 64

65 Factory load profile: Sunday 65

66 kw kw Spar load profile 150 Average daily electricity consumption per week Average Power before PV Installation Average daily electricity consumption per week and PV 350 kw Solar PV Size Average Power before PV Installation 66

67 kw kw Spar load profile Before and after average electricity consumption: With exporting Average power after PV Installation With Feedback Average Power before PV Installation Before and after average electricity consumption: Without exporting Average Power after PV Installation Without Feedback Average Power before PV Installation 0 67

68 kw kw Spar load profile New load profile with exporting New load profile without exporting Average power after PV Installation With Feedback Average Power after PV Installation Without Feedback 68

69 kw Pick & Pay load profile Average daily electricity consumption per week and PV Weekly Usage Before PV Installation 130 kw Solar PV Size

70 kw Pick & Pay load profile 200 New load profile with minimal exporting Weekly Usage After PV Installation

71 Questions? 71

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