PRODUCTION OF ALGAL OIL BY USING MICRO ALGAE

Transcription

1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 9, Issue 1, Jan - Feb 2018, pp , Article ID: IJARET_09_01_006 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication PRODUCTION OF ALGAL OIL BY USING MICRO ALGAE S. Lakshman Kumar Research Scholar, Department of Chemical Engineering, JNTU Anantapur, India Dr. A.V.N. Swamy Department of Chemical Engineering JNTU Anantapur, India Dr. D. Subba Rao Ab Department of Chemical Engineering JNTU Anantapur, India ABSTRACT Energy is the burning issue in the upcoming year when every country requires huge amounts of to sustain their economical progress as the world is rapidly motorized engine. It requires a huge amount of oil to pump it and the oil price is continuously increasing for last few years. Due to the intense consumption of natural energy sources(1). The micro algae which are one of the most abundant organisms in the world got final attention because of its highest capacity to produce bio fuels in per acre as compared to other power crops and more yielding capacity (58,700L/h).These tiny organisms doesn t require big lands or farmhouses. They can be grown in open ponds, plastic bags, glass vessels and photo bioreactors. The micro algae have emerged as high lipid content to produce the bio diesel(4). Botryococcusbraunii is a green pyramid shape planktonic micro algae of the order chlorococcales (class chlorophyceae) it is of potentially great importance in the field of biotechnology. It has been shown to grow best at a temperature of 23 0 C, Light period of 12 hrs. in CHU 13 medium. It has high lipid content in the (25 % - 86 %).Botryococcusbraunii can grow using different waste s like dairy, food processing, sewage waste s(1). Key words: Botryococcusbraunii, Chlorococcales, planktonic, photo bioreactors. Cite this Article: S. Lakshman Kumar, Dr. A.V.N. Swamy, Dr. D. Subba Rao, Production of Algal Oil by Using Micro Algae. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 9(1), 2018, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 1. INTRODUCTION Production of Algal Oil by Using Micro Algae The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) affirms that during the 20 th century, the Earth s average temperature increased by 0.6 C and will continue to increase anywhere from 1.5 C to 4.5 C by the year (1) This increase in global temperature is enough to cause floods in coastal regions and make storms like Hurricane Katrina a more common occurrence. The major force in rising global temperatures is anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, which accounts for 80% of all greenhouse gases produced. During the past few decades, global atmospheric concentrations of GHG have frequently risen with a growth rate of CO 2 emissions. Thus, increasing CO 2 concentrations is considered to be one of the main causes of global warming.(3) As concern about global warming and dependence on fossil fuels grows, the research for renewable energy sources that reduce CO 2 emissions becomes a matter of widespread attention. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Experimental Procedure Isolation of microalgae The samples were collected from Contaminated lake of Hyderabad and cultured in different selective medias of that particular algae. The algae were subjected to plating on their respective selective media. The individual colonies were isolated and inoculated into dairy waste medium. Two kind of species namely Botryococcus braunii (Bb) were isolated. Further confirmation is done by using a compound microscope Figure 4.1 Botryococcus braunii streak plates: Microscopic observation of B. braunii in light microscope under 100x magnification: Cultivation of microalgae in different waste s (dairy Food waste from canteen) in different conditions: Botryococcus braunii is cultivated initially in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 150ml (100ml dairy waste + 20ml culture) medium for a period of three weeks. The culture flask was incubated at 26 ±1C at 47% Humidity measured through a thermo hygrometer in a culture rack containing 35W tubes delivering 8000 lux light intensity measured using a lux meter with 12:12 hours of strong light(8000lux at 26 C) and dim light(4000lux at 30 C) cycle (2) editor@iaeme.com

3 S. Lakshman Kumar, Dr. A.V.N. Swamy, Dr. D. Subba Rao Figure Culture rack Figure Shaking incubator The culture is maintained under controlled conditions of temperature, ph, light intensity and nutrients for better growth of algae. The algal culture is cultured in batch culture mode. After grown to an optimum level the culture is transferred into 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature is maintained at C(2). Parallely the culture flask of Botryococcus braunii is maintained in a shaking incubator at temperature of C, light intensity of 8000lux, and revolutionary speed of 130 rpm. Simultaneously these three cultures are maintained under direct sunlight in plastic trays(3). 3. OPEN TANKS A raceway pond is made of a closed loop recirculation channel that is typically about 0.3 m deep. Mixing and circulation are produced by a paddlewheel. Flow is guided around bends by baffles placed in the flow channel. Raceway channels are built in concrete, or compacted earth, and may be lined with white plastic. During daylight, the culture is fed continuously in front of the paddlewheel where the flow begins(3). Broth is harvested behind the paddlewheel, on completion of the circulation loop. The paddlewheel operates all the time to prevent sedimentation. Raceway ponds for mass culture of microalgae have been used since the 1950s. Raceways are perceived to be less expensive than photobioreactors, because they cost less to build and operate. Although raceways are low-cost, they have a low biomass productivity compared with photobioreactors. Figure Cultivation in open tanks Modified Chu 13 media was prepared by using potable supplied by JNTUH facility, and the ph was tentatively adjusted to The culture was inoculated at 30-35% (v/v) in to raceway pond of 400 L capacity and the volume was made up to 200 ± 5 L editor@iaeme.com

4 Production of Algal Oil by Using Micro Algae The paddle wheel was set to 15 rpm to provide the aeration from 10 am to 5 pm daily(9). Light irradiance, ph, chlorophyll, carotenoids and biomass yields were recorded on daily basis. Biomass Estimation The known volume of cultures was harvested by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 min and the pellet was washed at least twice with distilled and freeze dried. The dry weight of algal biomass was determined gravimetrically and growth was expressed in terms of dry weight gram per liter(8). Harvesting of Algal Biomass The algal culture in open tank was allowed to settle by density for 24 h and then the upper clear medium was removed. The biomass settled at the bottom was collected and was passed through a double layered thin mesh filter as a bulk such that the biomass is collected on the filter(6). 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Growth Curves of Algae The increase in Biomass concentration due to algal growth was monitored by regular spectrophotometer reading. The growth curves of Botryococcus braunii is given below COD removing efficiencies observed in the two different waste The above two types of different waste s are monitored for their COD removing capacities of which dairy waste has proved to be the best in degrading COD by using the B.braunii reduced 90.5% and canteen waste reduced 85.2% C.O.D COD is calculated as COD mg/l = Blank Sample Volume of sample Table 5.1 COD Removing Days Dairy waste Days Canteen waste editor@iaeme.com

5 S. Lakshman Kumar, Dr. A.V.N. Swamy, Dr. D. Subba Rao 4.3. Nitrate, Sulphate, Phosphate removal efficiencies by B.braunii The percentage reduction of nitrates, Sulphates and phosphates of the two different waste by using Botryococcus braunii, are predicted below in graphs. Table 5.2 Final characteristics of different waste (after treatment a comparison with initial)by using Botryococcus braunii. s.no Parameters Dairy waste Initial Dairy waste Final Food waste collected from canteen Initial Food waste collected from canteen Final PH Total dissolved solids COD Volatile fatty acids Alkalinity as CaCO 3 Chlorides Nitrates Sulphates Phosphates Total solids Total suspended solids Total Ammonia Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen Volatile Suspended Solids Total Bacterial Count Note: All values are expressed as mg/l except ph 57 editor@iaeme.com

6 Production of Algal Oil by Using Micro Algae 4.4. Small Scale Algal Oil Extraction from Botryococcus Braunii The biomass was spread evenly on a stainless steel plate and dried in a hot air oven at 80 C till dryness. Later the dried biomass is soaked into different solvents out of which benzyl alcohol was able to extract algal lipid efficiently. The solvent biomass mixture is subjected to sonication for 30 min at 30MHz ultrasounds. After complete mixing the biomass solvent mixture is transferred into a distillation flask and distillation is carried out at 240 C as benzyl boils off at 210 C. the remaining lipid extract was recovered and weighed. Figure 5.1 Oil Bath Table 5.3 Amount of algal oil produced: S.NO Solvent used for the algal oil isolation Amount of algal oil produced 1. Benzyl alcohol Iso amyl alcohol Hexane Methanol Proponal Dicholoro methane Dicholoro ethane 1.8 Among all solvents benzyl alcohol is the best solvent for the algal oil isolation, with this solvent we got 29g algal oil for 55g of dry biomass of algae(11). 5. CONCLUSIONS Dairy waste has proved to be the best nutrient source for algal growth. The growth of Botryococcus braunii was observed to be effective compared to Chlorella vulgaris while the later showed better growth in formulated synthetic media so far. Then the better grown biomass will be transferred to large scale reactors under direct sunlight instead under room conditions. As the COD reduces there is an increase in the growth of algae which can be harvested to produce algal oil. Among all solvents benzyl alcohol is the best solvent for the algal oil isolation, with this solvent we got 20gms algal oil for 53gms of algae. Further trials are being made to produce biodiesel efficiently from the Micro algal oil editor@iaeme.com

7 REFERENCES S. Lakshman Kumar, Dr. A.V.N. Swamy, Dr. D. Subba Rao [1] Belarbi E-H, Molina Grima E, Chisti Y. A process for high yield and scalable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. EnzymeMicrob Technol 2000;26: [2] Antolin et al.,2002; G. Antolin., F.V. Tinaut and Y. Briceno, Optimisation of biodiesel production by sunflower oil transesterification, Bioresour. Technol. 83, pp. 111 [3] Barnwal BK., Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetables oils in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2005;9: [4] Banerjee A, Sharma R, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC. Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2002;22: [5] Felizardo P, Correia MJN, Raposo I, Mendes JF, Berkemeier R, Bordado JM. Production of biodiesel from waste frying oil. Waste Manag 2006;26(5): [6] Fukuda.H., Kondo. A., Noda H. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. J Biosci Bioeng 2001;92: [7] Guschina IA., Harwood JL. Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2006;45: Humphreys K. Jelen's cost and optimization engineering. [8] Kulkarni MG, Dalai AK. Waste cooking oil an economical source for biodiesel: A review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006; 45: [9] León-Bañares R, González-Ballester D, Galváan A, Fernández E. Transgenic microalgae as green cell-factories. Trends Biotechnol 2004;22: [10] Meher LC, Vidya Sagar D, Naik SN. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2006;10: editor@iaeme.com