The exhaust gas refrigeration and the pollutants variation

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1 The exhaust gas refrigeration and the pollutants variation CHARALAMPOS ARAPATSAKOS, ANASTASIOS KARKANIS, STELLA MARIA STROFYLLA Department of Production and Management Engineering Democritus University of Thrace V. Sofias Street, 7, Xanthi GREECE Abstract: - This work examines the exhaust gas temperature influence in CO, CO, HC emissions in a fourstroke gasoline engine. The experiments have shown that the reduction of exhaust gas temperature has as a result the reduction of CO, CO, HC with the exception of CO when then engine operated at 5, 5 and 75 rpm. Key-Words: - Gas emissions, Gas temperature, CO, CO, HC. 1 Introduction Lately urbanization and industrialization have been increased a lot. As a result humans started to release more wastes into the atmosphere than nature could cope with. Since then more pollution has been added to the air by industrial, commercial and domestic sources. Moreover, the exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Air pollution is any gas or particulate that originates from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities, such as cooking, smoking, car emissions, smokestacks and other industrial inputs into the atmosphere. Apart from the anthropogenic sources of air pollution there are natural sources as well. Natural sources related to dust from natural source, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation, forest fires that emit particulates into the atmosphere, volcanoes which spew out sulfur dioxide and large amounts of volcanic ash etc. A big volcanic eruption can darken the sky over a wide region and affect the Earth s entire atmosphere. The main causes of air pollution are the carbon monoxide, the carbon dioxide, the sulfur dioxide, the nitrogen dioxide, the combustion of fuels in automobiles and jet planes, the burning of fossil fuels etc. There are several many types of air pollutant [1,,3,,5,]. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect and holes in the ozone layer. The atmospheric conditions such as the wind, rain, stability affect the transportation of the air pollutant [3,,7,,9,,11]. Furthermore, depending on the geographical location temperature, wind and weather factors, pollution is dispersed differently [5,, 1,13,1,15]. For instance, the wind and rain may effectively dilute pollution to relatively safe concentrations despite a fairly high rate of emissions. In contrast when atmospheric conditions are stable relatively low emissions can cause buildup of pollution to hazardous levels. Air pollution not only affects the air we breathe, but it also impacts the land and the water. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body s respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. The human health effects caused by air pollution may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty breathing. It can also cause deaths, aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases to human beings. Air pollution does not have discriminations in the age. Even the younger children can be affected seriously from the air pollution By taken into consideration all the above, there is a big need to prevent the air pollution, in order to breath in a clean and healthy environment. The question that arises is how the cooling of exhaust gases influences CO, CO, HC emissions in a four-stroke gasoline engine. ISBN:

2 Instrumentation and experimental results For the experiments it has been used a four-stroke air cooled gasoline engine, named LIFAN type Smart 15(1P5FMI), volume 119,cc with one cylinder and max power 7,5hp/75rpm. The engine was used for the movement of motorcycle. The engine was function under different, revolutions (5-5-75rpm) and there was a continuous monitoring of the exhaust gases, CO, CO and HC, for each number of rpm separately..1. Experimental measurements During the experiments, it has been measurement: The CO % The CO % The HC(ppm) The engine rpm Picture1,1. Experimental layout Picture. The four stroke engine Picture1. Experimental layout Picture,1. The four stroke engine ISBN:

3 before radiator 5rpm after radiator HC/ [ppm] Exh.Temp C/ rpm/ Picture 3. The cooling radiator and the air fan The measurement of rounds/min of the engine was made by a portable tachometer (Digital photo/contact tachometer) named LTLutron DT- 3. The CO, CO and HC emissions have been measured by HORIBA Analyzer MEXA-57 GE. The emissions go through the exhaust from the radiator with surface area of rotation 17x1cm 3. In order to cool the emissions it has been used a fan S&P compact hcft/-3h with maximum volume air 17m 3 /h and maximum speed rpm. The fan shoots a beam of air to the radiator decreasing the exhaust temperature. For the measurement of temperature it has been used thermocouples type K. The measurements of CO, CO, HC and gas temperature have been made before and after placing the radiator with the engine operating without load conditions... Experimental results The experimental results are shown at the following figures: 1 Before radiator 5rpm After radiator Figure. The CO, CO, HC, before-after the when the engine rpm is HC/ [ppm] Exh.Temp C/ rpm/ before radiator 75rpm after radiator Figure 3. The CO, CO, HC, before-after the when the engine rpm is 75. 5rpm 1 1 HC/ [ppm] Exh.Temp C/ rpm/ a v e r age va l ue 1 1 CO(%) CO(%) HC(ppm)/ before radiator 13,3 1,7,9 after radiator 11,57 1,53 3,3 Figure 1. The CO, CO, HC, before-after the when the engine rpm is 5. Figure. The average value of CO, CO, HC, 5. ISBN:

4 5rpm References: a v e r age va l ue 1 1 CO(%) CO(%) HC(ppm)/ before radiator 13,9,5 1,93 after radiator 1,,53 1, Figure 5. The average value of CO, CO, HC, 5. average value rpm CO(%) CO(%) HC(ppm)/ before radiator 1,,99,79 after radiator 1,9 1,99,7 Figure. The average value of CO, CO, HC, 75. The exhaust gas temperature was decreased with the help of radiator and air fan and was maintained at 9-3 o C. From the above diagrams it can be noticed a decreased of CO, CO, HC, after the radiator (with the exception of CO at 75rpm, in where it has been observed a small increase from,99% to 1,19%) due to the reduction of exhaust gas temperature. 3. Conclusion The reduction of exhaust gas temperature has resulted in the reduction of CO, CO, HC emissions except the case where the engine operated at 75 rpm in where it has been presented a small increase of CO emissions. In future research it will be examined the engine under full load condition. [1]. Aldritton D. L., Monastersky R., Eddy J. A Hall J. M., and Shea E. (199) Our Ozone Shield Reports to the Nation on Our Changing Planet. Fall 199. University Cooperation for Atmospheric research office for interdisciplinary studies Boulder, Colorado. []. Keith Owen and Trevor Coley ''Automotive Fuels Reference Book'' Second Edition, Published by SAE, [3]. Fred Schafer and Richard van Basshuysen " Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines" Published by SAE, []. Mitchell J F. B (199).The greenhouse effect and climate change. Reviews of Geophysics 7. [5]. ''H. Menrad and M. Haselhorst, "Alcohol fuels", Monograph. Springer, New York, ISBN 31119,191. []. Harrington, I.A.; Shishu, R.C.: A Single- Cylinder Engine Study of the Effects of Fuel Type, Fuel Stoichiometry and Hydrogen-to- Carbon Ratio on CO, NO and HC Exhaust Emissions, SAE-Paper 737. [7]. Arapatsakos C., Karkanis A., and Sparis P., ''Environmental Contribution of Gasoline Ethanol Mixtures'' issue 7, volume, July, ISSN []. Pollution Science Edited by Ian L. Pepper, Charls P. Gerba, Mark L. Brusseau, 199. [9]. N.N.: U.S. EPA, Clean Air Facts, Nr. 3, 5, 9,, 15/199, Washington, D.C. []. N.N.: VDA-Jahresbeicht. Auto 9/9, Sept.199. [11]. "The Clean Fuels Report" J.E. Sinor Consultants Inc., Niwot, Colorado, February ISBN:

5 [1]..Arapatsakos I. Charalampos, Karkanis N. Anastasios, Sparis D. Panagiotis, TESTS ON A SMALL FOUR ENGINE USING AS FUELGASOLINE-BIOETHANOL MIXTURES, Transactions of WIT, 3. [13]..Arapatsakos I. Charalampos, Karkanis N. Anastasios, Sparis D. Panagiotis. BEHAVIOR OF A SMALL FOUR-STROKE ENGINE USING AS FUEL METHANOL-GASOLINE MIXTURES SAE paper No [1]. Arapatsakos, D. Christoforidis, A. Karkanis, D. Mitroulas, C. Teka TEST RESULTS FROM THE USE OF COTTON OIL MIXTURES AS FUEL IN A FOUR- STROKE ENGINE, International journal of Energy and Environment, Issue3 Vol. 1, 7. [15]. Charalampos Arapatsakos, Anastasios Karkanis, Panagiotis Sparis, GASOLINE ETHANOL, METHANOL MIXTURES AND A SMALL FOUR-STROKE ENGINE International journal of heat and technology Vol.,n.. ISBN: