DOBIJANJE BIODIZELA IZ ULJA SEMENA MAGAREĆEG TRNA (Onopordum acanthium L.)
|
|
- Arabella Martin
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DOBIJANJE BIODIZELA IZ ULJA SEMENA MAGAREĆEG TRNA (Onopordum acanthium L.) Milan D. Kostić 1, Nataša M. Joković 2, Olivera S. Stamenković 1, Vlada B. Veljković 1* 1 Tehnološki fakultet, Univerzitet u Nišu, Leskovac, Srbija 2 Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Odsek Biologija i Ekologija, Univerzitet u Nišu, Niš, Srbija (ORGINALAN NAUČNI RAD) UDK : : Ulje semena korovske biljke magareći trn (Onopordum acanthium L.) je korišćeno za sintezu metil estara masnih kiselina. Zbog većeg kiselinskog broja ulja, primenjen je dvostepeni proces koji uključuje esterifikaciju slobodnih masnih kiselina u ulju katalizovanu H 2 SO 4 i metanolizu esterifikovanog ulja katalizovanu KOH. Kinetika reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja je modelovana primenom nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda i pseudo-drugog reda. Izračunate su konstante brzine reakcije metanolize i energije aktivacije. Adekvatnost modela procenjivana je na osnovu vrednosti R 2 linearnih zavisnosti i srednjeg relativnog procentnog odstupanja eksperimentalnih i izračunatih vrednosti stepena konverzije triacilglicerola. Iako su oba kinetička modela pogodna za fitovanje eksperimentalnih podataka, veća tačnost je ostvarena primenom modela nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda. Karakteristike dobijenog biodizela su, generalno, u okviru vrednosti propisanih standardom kvaliteta bodizela EN Zbog toga, seme O. acanthium L. može biti korišćeno kao jeftina sirovina za sintezu biodizela. Ključne reči: dvostepeni process; biodizel; kinetika; magareći trn; metanoliza; Onopordum acanthium L. Uvod Demografska ekspanzija i razvoj industrije uslovljavaju kontinualno povećanje potreba za energijom, zbog čega su mnogobrojna istraživanja usmerena ka pronalaženju novih, alternativnih izvora energije: iskorišćenju energije biomase, sunca, vetra, talasa i plime i oseke. U sektoru transporta najčešću primenu imaju goriva dobijena iz biomase, među kojima značajno mesto zauzima biodizel. Biodizel predstavlja ekološki čisto gorivo, biorazgradivo i manje toksično u odnosu na dizel fosilnog porekla, koje se dobija iz obnovljivih sirovina i pogodno je za primenu u dizel motorima. Dobija se postupkom alkoholize biljnih ulja ili životinjskih masti sa nižim alifatičnim alkoholima. Najčešće korišćeni alkoholi u sintezi biodizela su metanol, a u poslednje vreme i etanol [1]. Za dobijanje biodizela trenutno se najčešće koriste jestiva biljna ulja, kao što su: ulje uljane repice, soje, suncokreta ili palme [2]. Međutim, korišćenje jestivih ulja u procesima dobijanja biodizela ograničavaju njihova primarna primena u ljudskoj ishrani i visoka cena. S obzirom da u ukupnoj ceni proizvodnje biodizela uljne sirovine imaju najveći udeo [3, 4], poslednjih godina pažnju istraživača privlači ispitivanje mogućnosti primene novih i jeftinijih ulja kao što su ulja dobijena iz semena različitih korovskih biljaka: etiopijska slačica (Brassica carinata) [5], kravlja trava (Thlaspi arvense L.) [6], bela slačica (Sinapis alba) [7], tatula (Datura stramonium) [8], konopljica (Euphorbia lathyris L.), pileće drvo (Sapium sebiferum L.) i barbadoski orah (Jatropha curcas L.) [9]. Magareći trn ili čkalj (Onopordum acanthium L.) je korovska biljka koja pripada familiji Asteraceae. Ova familija biljaka predstavlja najobimniju familiju dikotiledonih skrivenosemenica. Njihova primena je široka, kako u narodnoj medicini za lečenje povišenog krvnog pritiska [10], tako i u hemijskoj industriji za proizvodnju biogoriva pirolizom [11] ili likvefakcijom [12] biomase. U dosadašnjim istraživanjima ulje semena Onopordum acanthium L. nije ispitivano u sintezi biodizela. Poznavanje kinetike reakcije metanolize je veoma značajno sa tehno-ekonomskog aspekta jer daje osnovu za simulaciju, kontrolu, razvoj i unapređenje procesa dobijanja biodizela. Pregled dosadašnjih ispitivanja mehanizama i kinetičkih modela homogeno bazno katalizovane metanolize različitih uljnih sirovina dat je u tabeli 1. *Adresa autora: Vlada Veljković, Tehnološki fakultet, Bulevar oslobođenja 124, Leskovac, Srbija veljkovic@tf.ni.ac.rs Rukopis primljen: 02. oktobra godine Rad prihvaćen: 29. oktobra godine 35
2 Tabela 1. Literaturni pregled bazno katalizovane metanolize iz različitih biljnih ulja Table 1. The literature review of base-catalyzed methanolysis of different vegetable oils a Pri mehaničkom mešanju i u ultrazvučnom polju (24 khz). b Direktna reakcija. c Povratna reakcija. Reakcija homogene katalizovane metanolize se, generalno, dešava najpre u heterogenom režimu, a zatim u pseudo-homogenom režimu, u kojima je kinetika ukupne reakcije kontrolisana prenosom mase i hemijskom reakcijom, respektivno [19-23]. Pri velikim brzinama mešanja reakcione smeše i dovoljno visokim temperaturama reakcije, vreme trajanja početnog perioda u kome prenos mase određuje brzinu procesa se skraćuje, zbog čega je zanemaren pri modelovanju kinetike ukupne reakcije metanolize. Nezavisno od vrste ulja i reakcionih uslova, pretpostavlja se da se reakcija metanolize sastoji iz tri povratne, uzastopno-paralelne reakcije, koje odgovaraju stupnjevitoj konverziji triacilglicerola (TAG) u metil estre masnih kiselina (MEMK). Prema nekim istraživačima, povratne i direktne reakcije metanolize su reakcije drugog reda [19, 20]. Pored uzastopno-paralelnih reakcija, u kinetički model reakcije metanolize uključivana je i ukupna reakcija sinteze MEMK [22, 24] ili sporedna reakcija saponifikacije [25]. Zbog kompleksnosti navedenih kinetičkih modela koja zahtevaju složena matematička proračunavanja, novija istraživanja su usmerena ka razvoju jednostavnijih kinetičkih modela, koji dobro opisuju eksperimentalne podatke. Prema ovim modelima sinteza MEMK se odigrava u jednom stupnju, a kinetika reakcije je opisana modelom nepovratne reakcije psedo-prvog ili pseudo-drugog reda. Prema dosadašnjim istraživanjima metanolize različitih uljnih sirovina, najčešće je primenjivan kinetički model nepovratne reakcije psedo-prvog reda (tabela 1). Georgogianni i sar. [17, 18] su poredili mogućnost primene modela nepovratne reakcije psedo-prvog i pseudo-drugog reda za modelovanje reakcije metanolize suncokretovog i pamukovog ulja pri mehaničkom mešanju i u ultrazvučnom polju. Iako oba modela daju dobar matematički opis kinetike procesa metanolize, autori preporučuju primenu modela nepovratne reakcije psedo-prvog reda zbog boljeg slaganja sa eksperimentalnim podacima. Kinetika etanolize palminog ulja katalizovane natrijum etoksidom modelovana je povratnom i nepovratnom reakcijom drugog reda i nepovratnom reakcijom pseudo-prvog reda, a najbolje fitovanje eksperimentanih podataka ostvareno je primenom kinetičkog modela nepovratne reakcije pseudodrugog reda [26]. U ovom radu ispitivana je sinteza MEMK iz ulja semena O. acanthium L. Ulje je dobijeno hladnim presovanjem i određene su njegove fizičko-hemijske osobine, kao i sastav masnih kiselina. Sinteza MEMK je izvedena u dvostepenom postupku koji uključuje esterifikaciju slobodnih masnih kiselina (SMK) ulja katalizovanu H 2 SO 4 i metanolizu esterifikovanog ulja katalizovanu KOH. Cilj ovog rada je modelovanje kinetike reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. i izbor kinetičkog modela koji preciznije opisuje reakciju sinteze MEMK, kao i karakterizacija dobijenog biodizela sa ciljem utvrđivanja mogućnosti primene ulja semena ove korovske biljke kao sirovine za dobijanje biodizela. 3 6
3 Materijali i metode Materijal U eksperimentalnom radu korišćeno je seme O. acanthium L. ubrano na obroncima planine Pasjača (okolina Prokuplja, jugoistočni deo Republike Srbije). Metanol i n-hexan (HPLC čistoće) su nabavljeni od Promochem LGC (Nemačka), a 2-propanol (HPLC čistoće) od Carlo Erba (Italija). H 2 SO 4 (98%) i KOH pelete (98%) su nabavljeni od Lach-Near-a (Republika Češka), metanol (99,5%) i bezvodni H 2 SO 4 od Zorka-Pharme (Srbija), a HCl (36,5%) od Centrohem-a (Srbija). Etanol je kupljen od Sigma Aldrich (SAD) i dietil etar od VWR Prolabo (Belgija). Ekstrakcija i karakterizacija ulja Ekstrakcija ulja po Soxhlet-u Seme O. acanthium L. je samleveno u električnom mlinu (Alpina 2813) u trajanju od 1 min. Ovako samleveno seme (50 g) je sipano u ekstrakcionu čauru od celuloze, koja je potom stavljena u Soxhlet-ov aparat. Ekstrakcija je vršena n-heksanom pri odnosu seme: rastvarač 1:10 i na temperaturi ključanja rastvarača. Nakon završene ekstrakcije, filtrat je uparavan na rotacionom vakuum uparivaču na 50 ºC do konstantne mase. Ekstrakcija ulja hladnim presovanjem Za ekstrakciju ulja presovanjem korišćena je hidraulična presa (Komet, Nemačka). Presovanje nesamlevenog semena O. acanthium L. vršeno je kroz diznu prečnika 8 mm. Dobijeno ulje je profiltrirano kroz filter papir pod vakuumom, radi uklanjanja sačme. Određivanje fizičko-hemijskih osobina ulja Gustina i viskozitet ulja su određeni na 20 ºC pomoću piknometra i viskozimetra (Visco Basic Plus. 0.8, Fungilab SA, Barcelona, Španija), respektivno. Kiselinski, jodni i sapunifikacioni broj su određivani standardnim metodama za ulja i masti. Sastav masnih kiselina je određivan nakon metilovanja ulja metodom gasne hromatografije [27]. Sinteza MEMK-a ulja semena O. acanthium L. Kiselo katalizovana esterifikacija ulja semena O. acanthium L. Za esterifikaciju SMK ulja semena O. acanthium L. korišćeni su metanol i H 2 SO 4. Reakcija je izvedena u trogrlom balonu, opremljenim kondenzatorom, koji je smešten u termostatiranom vodenom kupatilu. Za mešanje reakcione smeše korišćena je magnetna mešalica (600 min -1 ). Reakcija esterifikacije SMK u ulju je izvedena na 60 ºC, pri molskom odnosu metanol: ulje 8:1 i koncentraciji H 2 SO 4 0,4%, računato na masu ulja [9]. Najpre su u balon sipani i termostatirani metanol (14,68 g) i H 2 SO 4 (0,2 g), a zatim je dodato zasebno termostatirano ulje (50 g). Nakon završene reakcije (60 min), uljno-estarska faza je odvojena od alkoholno-vodene faze u levku za odvajanje, koja je zatim isprana destilovanom vodom, koja je izdvojena gravitacionom separacijom. Tragovi vode u uljno-estarskoj fazi su uklonjeni sušenjem anhidrovanim Na 2 SO 4 koji je nakon toga izdvojen filtracijom. Bazno katalizovana metanoliza ulja semena O. acanthium L. Esterifikovano ulje semena O. acanthium L. je podvrgnuto bazno katalizovanoj metanolizi, koja je izvedena na istoj aparaturi i pri istom intenzitetu mešanja, kao i reakcija esterifikacije SMK ulja. Metanoliza ulja je ispitivana na temperaturama 30, 45 i 60 ºC, pri molskom odnosu metanol:ulje 6:1 i primenom KOH kao katalizatora (1%, računato na masu ulja). U balon su najpre sipane odgovarajuće mase metanola (10,14 g) i katalizatora (0,4596 g), koji su termostatirani na određenoj temperaturi dok se celokupna količina katalizatora ne rastvori u metanolu, a zatim je dodata odmerena masa zasebno termostatiranog esterifikovanog ulja (45,96 g). Tokom reakcije su u različitim vremenskim intervalima uzimani uzorci reakcione smeše (1 cm 3 ), koji su neutralisani odgovarajućom količinom rastvora HCl (11 vol%) radi zaustavljanja reakcije. Uljno-estarska faza je razdvojena od alkoholne faze centrifugisanjem (centrifuga: Sigma, Nemačka) na 3500 min -1 (prosečno 700Xg) za 15 min. Nakon toga, uljno-estarska faza je razblažena smešom 2-propanol:n-heksan (5:4 v/v) u odnosu 1:200 i dobijeni rastvor filtriran kroz Millipore filter (0,45 μm) radi kvantitativne analize metodom tečne hromatografije (HPLC) [23]. Stepen konverzije TAG (x A ) izračunat je na osnovu aktuelnog i početnog sadržaja TAG u uljno-estarskoj fazi reakcione smeše pomoću jednačine:...(1) gde su TAG i TAG 0 - aktuelna i početna koncentracija TAG u %. Kinetika bazno katalizovane metanolize Kod modelovanja reakcije metanolize ulja semena Onopordum acanthium L. uvedene su sledeće predpostavke: 1. Ukupna reakcija metanolize se može prikazati sledećom stehiometrijskom jednačinom: gde su: A - TAG, B - metanol, R - MEMK i S glicerol. Smatra se da se reakcija odigrava u jednom stupnju pošto su koncentracije mono- (MAG) i diacilglicerola (DAG) u ulju zanemarljivo male. 2. Pretpostavlja se da je mešanje reakcione smeše idealno, a njen sastav uniforman. 3. Reakcija metanolize se dešava u pseudo-homogenom režimu zbog intenzivnog mešanja reakcione smeše (600 min -1 ) [19, 20], u kome je kinetika ukupne reakcije kontrolisana hemijskom reakcijom. 4. Kinetika reakcija metanolize ulja semena O. acanthium L. se može opisati modelima nepovratne reakcije pseudo- 37
4 prvog reda ili pseudo-drugog reda [17, 18]. 5. Neutralizacija SMK se može zanemariti, jer je njihov sadržaj u esterifikovanom ulju semena O. acanthium L. korišćenom u baznoj katalizovanoj metanolizi veoma mali, zbog čega je i koncentracija katalizatora u toku reakcije praktično konstantna [28]. Kinetički model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda Prema kinetičkom modelu nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda, brzina smanjenja koncentracije TAG u toku reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. može se prikazati jednačinom:...(2) gde je k 1 konstanta brzine nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda i C A koncentracija TAG. Koncentracija TAG povezana je sa stepenom konverzije TAG:...(3) gde je C AO početna koncentracija TAG. Kombinovanjem jednačine (2) i (3) sledi da je:...(4) Integraljenjem jednačine (4) dobija se:...(5) Konstanta brzine reakcije, k 1, može se odrediti iz nagiba linearne zavisnosti -1n(1-x A ) od vremena. Kinetički model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda Kinetika reakcije bazno katalizovane metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. opisana modelom nepovratne reakcija pseudo-drugog reda se može prikazati jednačinom: odnosno:...(6)...(7) gde je k 2 konstanta brzine nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda. Nakon integracije jednačine (7) dobija se zavisnost:...(8) Vrednost konstante brzine reakcije, linearne zavisnosti sa vremenom., se dobija iz Statistička značajnost modela Adekvatnost i pouzdanost modela su procenjene na osnovu srednjeg relativnog procentnog odstupanja (MRPD) i koeficijenta determinacije (R 2 ), koje su izračunate pomoću sledećih jednačina, respektivno:...(9)...(10) gde x Ap,i i x Aa,i predstavljaju predviđeni i stvarni stepen konverzije TAG, respektivno, a x Am srednja vrednost stepena konverzije TAG i n-broj eksperimentalnih vrednosti. Prečišćavanje MEMK-a i njihova karakterizacija Nakon završene reakcije metanolize, reakciona smeša je preneta u levak za odvajanje radi razdvajanja estarske od alkoholne faze. Smeša MEMK je tretirana rastvorom HCl (1 mol/dm 3 ) radi neutralizacije zaostale količine katalizatora i isprana destilovanom vodom, koja je izdvojena gravitacionom separacijom. Tragovi vode u estarskoj fazi su uklonjeni dodatkom anhidrovanog Na 2 SO 4, nakon čega je estarska faza profiltrirana. Fizičkohemijske osobine dobijenog biodizela: gustina, kinematski viskozitet, temperatura paljenja, jodni broj, kiselinski broj, sadržaj vode i sadržaj MEMK, MAG, DAG i TAG su određene standardnim metodama. Rezultati i diskusija Fizičko-hemijske osobine ulja semena O. acanthium L. Prinos ulja dobijenog hladnim presovanjem semena O. acanthium L. iznosio je 9,76 g ulja/100 g semena, što je 56,1% od ukupnog sadržaja ulja (17,44 g ulja/100 g semena), koji je određen ekstrakcijom po Soxhlet-u korišćenjem n-heksana kao rastvarača. Tonguç i Erbaş [29] su ekstrakcijom po Soxhlet-u uz primenu n-heksana dobili nešto manji prinos ulja (14,36%) iz semena O. acanthium L., što može biti posledica agro-klimatskih uslova rasta biljke. Očigledno je da nakon hladnog presovanja semena, deo ulja zaostaje u pogači. Sa druge strane, hladno presovanje je prihvatljivija tehnika izdvajanja ulja od ekstrakcije rastvaračem iz ekonomskih, ekoloških, zdravstvenih i bezbednosnih razloga [30]. Pored toga, prinos ulja iz semena O. acanthium L. može biti povećan kombinovanjem tehnike hladnog presovanja i ekstrakcije rastvaračem. Fizičko-hemijske osobine i sastav masnih kiselina hladno presovanog ulja iz semena O. acanthium L. date su u tabeli 2. Poređenja radi, u tabeli 2 su prikazani literaturni podaci osobina ulja semena O. acanthium L. i nekih drugih korovskih biljaka. Ulje semena O. acanthium L. ima niži kiselinski broj, odnosno manji sadržaj SMK u odnosu na ulja dobijena iz semena drugih korovskih bi- 3 8
5 ljaka. Ulje semena O. acanthium L. se odlikuje visokim sadržajem nezasićenih masnih kiselina, kao što su linolna (69,97%) i oleinska (21,2%) kiselina, dok ostatak čine zasićene masne kiseline i to: palmitinska (5,83%) i sterainska (2,44%), što je u skladu sa ranije objavljenim rezultatima masnokiselinskog sastava ulja semena O. acanthium L. dobijenog ekstrakcijom po Soxhlet-u n- heksanom [29]. Zbog visokog sadržaja polinezasićene linolne kiseline jodni broj ulja je relativno visok. Po sastavu masnih kiselina ulje semena O. acanthium L. je vrlo slično uljima dobijenih iz semena Datura stramonium L. i Silybum marianum L. (tabela 2). Tabela 2. Fizičko-hemijske osobine i sastav masnih kiselina hladno presovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. i ulja dobijenih iz drugih korovskih biljaka Table 2. The physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of cold pressed oil from O. acanthium L. seeds compared with oils of other weed plants a Hladno presovanje. b Ekstrakcija po Soxhlet-u n-heksanom. c Maceracija n-heksanom. Sinteza MEMK-a ulja semena O. acanthium L. Vrednost kiselinskog broja hladno presovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. je iznad granične vrednosti (1 mg KOH/g ulja) za nesmetano odigravanje bazno katalizovane metanolize [33], zbog čega je za sintezu MEMK primenjen dvostepeni postupak. U prvom stupnju je izvršena kiselo katalizovana esterifikacija SMK ulja, a u drugom bazno katalizovana metanoliza esterifikovanog ulja. Ovakav postupak sinteze MEMK se vrlo često primenjuje za dobijanje biodizela iz uljnih sirovina sa visokim sadržajem SMK, jer kombinuje prednosti kiselih katalizatora u esterifikaciji SMK i baznih katalizatora u metanolizi ulja [1]. Najčešće primenjivani katalizator reakcije esterifikacije SMK je H 2 SO 4 zbog niske cene, velike reaktivnosti i higroskopnosti [1]. Reakcioni uslovi esterifikacije SMK u hladno presovanom ulju semena O. acanthium L. (molski odnos metanol: ulje 8:1, količina H 2 SO 4 0,4%, računato na masu ulja, i temperatura reakcije 60 ºC) izabrani su na osnovu rezultata optimizacije reakcije esterifikacije ulja Euphorbia lathyris L., Sapium sebiferum L. i Jatropha curcas L. [9]. Nakon završene reakcije esterifikacije vrednost kiselinskog broja ulja je iznosila 0,47 mg KOH/g ulja, zbog čega je moguće nesmetano odigravanje reakcije metanolize u prisustvu baznog katalizatora. Kao katalizator metanolize esterifikovanog ulja korišćen je KOH u količini od 1%, računato na masu ulja, a molski odnos metanol:ulje iznosio je 6:1. Primenjeni reakcioni uslovi su, prema većini istraživanja, optimalni za odigravanje homogene bazno katalizovane metanolize ulja [1]. Reakcija metanolize je izvedena na temperaturama 30, 45 i 60 ºC. Promena sadržaja MEMK u toku reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. na temperaturama reakcije 30, 45 i 60 ºC prikazana je na slici 1. Početni period spore reakcije izazvan maseno-prenosnim ograničenjima, koja limitiraju brzinu reakcije, nije uočen. Intenzivno mešanje reakcione smeše (brzina obrtanja mešalice 600 min -1 ) obezbeđuje veliku međufaznu površinu od samog početka reakcije, dok prisustvo MEMK, MAG i DAG u esterifikovanom ulju (1,2% MEMK, 0,2% MAG i 0,4% DAG) deluju kao kao kosolvent [34] i emulgatori [23], povećavajući međufaznu površinu između uljne i metanolne faze, a time i brzinu prenosa mase. Promena sadržaja MEMK u uljno-estarskoj fazi sa vremenom ukazuje na tri perioda reakcije metanolize. U početnom periodu reakcije sadržaj MEMK se naglo povećava sa vremenom, što znači da je brzina hemijske reakcije u ovom periodu velika. U daljem toku reakcije 39
6 povećanje sadržaja MEMK je sporije kao posledica smanjenja koncentracije reaktanata i povećanja koncentracije proizvoda reakcije. Nakon toga sadržaj MEMK ostaje nepromenjen, što ukazuje na uspostavljanje ravnotežnog sastava reakcione smeše. Do sličnog zaključka došli su i drugi istrazivači metanolize različitih biljnih ulja [14, 16-19]. Sadržaj TAG u uljno-estarskoj fazi u toku reakcije smanjuje se istovremeno sa povećanjem koncentracije MEMK, dok se sadržaj DAG i MAG povećava na početku reakcije, dostiže maksimum, a zatim opada, nakon čega njihove koncentracije ostaju nepromenjene. Slične promene sastava reakcione smeše su uočene u toku reakcije metanolize na drugim temperaturama, s tim da se sa povećanjem temperature reakcije povećava brzina reakcije metanolize, a ravnoteža reakcije uspostavlja u kraćem vremenskom periodu. pseudo-drugog reda. Iako su oba kinetička modela bila prihvatljiva za fitovanje eksperimentalnih podataka, bolje slaganje je zabeleženo u slučaju primene modela nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda, pa je on predložen kao bolji model. Shahla i sar. [26] su pokazali da je kinetički model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda najadakvetniji za modelovanje kinetike etanolize palminog ulja katalizovane natrijum etoksidom. Kinetički model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda primenjen je za modelovanje reakcije etanolize ulja suncokreta u početnom periodu reakcije [35] i metanolize ulja suncokreta u srednjem periodu brze reakcije koji sledi posle početnog perioda limitiranog maseno-prenosnim ograničenjima [21]. Slika 1. Promene sastava reakcione smeše u toku reakcije metanolize na 30 ºC (MEMK - ; MAG - ; DAG - ; TAG - ) Figure 1. Variations of the reaction mixture composition with the progress of the methanolysis reaction at 30 ºC (FAME - ; MAG - ; DAG - ; TAG - ) Kinetika reakcije metanolize ulja semena O. acanthium L. Za opisivanje kinetike reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. primenjeni su kinetički modeli nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog i pseudo-drugog reda. Na slici 2 su prikazane zavisnosti -1n(1-x A ) i x A /(1-x A ) od vremena u skladu sa jednačinama (5) i (8), respektivno. Konstante brzine nepovratnih reakcija pseudo-prvog i pseudo-drugog reda, k 1 i k 2, određene su iz nagiba linearnih zavisnosti i date u tabeli 3, u kojoj su, takođe, prikazane vrednosti koeficijenta determinacije. Visoke vrednosti R 2 ukazuju da se brzina reakcija metanolize ulja semena O. acanthium L. može uspešno opisati pomoću oba kinetička modela. Međutim, nešto veće vrednosti R 2 u slučaju nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda pokazuju da je ovaj kinetički model prihvatljiviji u odnosu na model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda. Za opisivanje kinetike reakcije metanolize ulja semena pamuka [17] i suncokreta [18], izvedene pri mehaničkom mešanju i u ultrazvučnom polju, primenjeni su, takođe, modeli nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog i Slika 2. Primena kinetičkog modela nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog (a) i nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda (b) na različitim temperaturama reakcije ( - 30 ºC, 45 ºC i 60 ºC) Figure 2. The irreversible pseudo-first (a) and irreversible pseudo-second order (b) reaction models of methanolysis at various reaction temperatures ( - 30 ºC, 45 ºC i 60 ºC) 4 0
7 Tabela 3. Vrednosti konstante brzine nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog i pseudo-drugog reda i koeficijenta determinacije Table 3. The values of reaction rate constants for irreversible pseudo-first and pseudo-second order reaction and the coefficients of determination Energija aktivacije, izračunata iz nagiba zavisnosti In k od 1/T (slika 3), iznosi 49,6 kj/mol za nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-prvog i 64,2 kj/mol za nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-drugog reda. Generalno, dobijene vrednosti energije aktivacije su reda veličine vrednosti objavljenih od strane drugih istraživača pri proučavanju reakcije metanolize različitih biljnih ulja (tabela 1). Simulacija procesa metanolize Za izračunavanje stepena konverzije TAG na osnovu predloženih kinetičkih modela korišćene su sledeće jednačine: a) za nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-prvog reda Energija aktivacije reakcije metanolize određena je na osnovu Arenijusove jednačine:...(11) gde je A - predeksponencijalni faktor, E a - energija aktivacije i R - univerzalna gasna konstanta....(12) b) za nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-drugog reda...(13) Slika 3. Arenijusova zavisnost konstanti brzine reakcije metanolize TAG od recipročne vrednosti temperature za nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-prvog reda (a) i nepovratnu reakciju pseudo-drugog reda (b) Figure 3. Arrhenius plot of reaction rate constants of TAG methanolysis versus reciprocal of temperature for irreversible pseudofirst (a) and irreversible pseudo-second order (b) reaction models Slika 4. Poređenje kinetičkog modela (linije) nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog (a) i nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda (b) sa eksperimentalnim podacima (simboli) u toku metanolize na temperaturama reakcije: - 30 ºC, 45 ºC i 60 ºC Figure 4. Comparison of the irreversible pseudo-first (a) and irreversible pseudo-second order (b) kinetic models (line) and the experimental data (symbols) during methanolysis at reaction temperatures: - 30 ºC, 45 ºC i 60 ºC 41
8 Poređenje eksperimentalnih vrednosti stepena konverzije TAG sa izračunatim vrednostima prema jednačinama (12) i (13) prikazano je na slici 4, odakle se može zaključiti da postoji jako dobro dobro slaganje između eksperimentalnih i izračunatih vrednosti stepena konverzije TAG primenom oba kinetička modela. U prilog tome govore i niske vrednosti MRPD, koje iznose ±4,0% i ±2,7% u slučaju modelovanja kinetike reakcije modelom nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog i pseudodrugog reda, respektivno. Manja vrednost MRPD modela nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda pokazuje da je ovaj model precizniji u opisivanju kinetike metanolize ulja semena O. acanthium L. Fizičko-hemijske osobine MEMK-a Onopordum acanthium L. Fizičko-hemijske osobine prečišćene smeše MEMK dobijene iz ulja semena O. acanthium L. date su u tabeli 4. Pored toga, radi poređenja, u tabeli 4 je dat pregled karakteristika MEMK-a dobijenih iz ulja nekih drugih korovskih biljaka. Svi parametri su određeni eksperimentalno, osim vrednosti cetanskog broja koji je izračunat na osnovu jednačine (14) [36]:...(14) gde su A C i CN C zapreminski udeo i cetanski broj pojedinačnih estara u smeši MEMK. Tabela 4. Osobine MEMK ulja semena O. acanthium L. i nekih drugih korovskih biljaka Table 4. Properties of FAME obtained from O. acanthium L. seed oil and oils from some other weed plants a - 20 ºC Na osnovu tabele 4 se može zaključiti da fizičkohemijske karakteristike biodizela iz ulja semena O. acanthium L. se generalno nalaze u okviru vrednosti propisanih standardom kvaliteta biodizela EN Izuzetno, vrednost jodnog broja je nešto veća, a vrednost cetanskog broja malo manja od vrednosti propisanih standardom. Ove dve karakteristike biodizela su usko povezane, jer obe direktno zavise od sadržaja nezasićenih masnih kiselina u početnom ulju. Prema standardu kvaliteta biodizela EN14214, maksimalno dozvoljena vrednost jodnog broja je 120 g J 2 /100 g, dok prema američkom standardu ASTM D6751 njegova vrednost nije specificirana. Stabilnost biodizela ne zavisi samo od jodnog broja, tj. broja dvostrukih veza u molekulima, već i od njihovog položaja [39], kao i od prisustva prirodnih antioksidanata u ulju [40] i može se povećati dodatkom aditiva [41]. Otuda, Costenoble i sar. [42] smatraju da ograničenje jodnog broja nije potrebno za karakterisanje kvaliteta biodizela. Cetanski broj je merilo kvaliteta dizel goriva i predstavlja vreme od ubrizgavanja do paljenja ili samopaljenja goriva. Međutim, na vreme kašnjenja paljenja utiču i druge fizičke osobine goriva, kao, na primer, viskozitet, gustina i opseg ključanja [43]. Imajući u vidu da je vrednost cetanskog broja smeše MEMK izračunata na osnovu masno-kiselinskog sastava polaznog ulja bliska standardom propisanoj vrednosti, može se reči da ovaj parametar ne predstavlja prepreku proizvodnji biodizela iz ulja semena O. acanthium L. Kao 42
9 što se može videti iz tabele 4, biodizel dobijen iz ulja različitih korovskih biljaka ima slične fizičko-hemijske osobine kao i biodizel ulja semena O. acanthium L. Zaključak U ovom radu je ispitivana mogućnost primene ulja semena O. acanthium L. u sintezi biodizela. Za dobijanje MEMK primenjen je dvostepeni postupak koji uključuje H 2 SO 4 -katalizovanu esterifikaciju SMK ulja i metanolizu esterifikovanog ulja katalizovanu KOH. Kinetika reakcije metanolize esterifikovanog ulja semena O. acanthium L. opisana je modelima nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda i pseudo-drugog reda. Oba kinetička modela sa velikom tačnošću fituju eksperimentalne podatke, ali je zbog većih vrednosti R 2 i nižih vrednosti MRPD stepena konverzije TAG kinetički model nepovratne reakcije pseudo-drugog reda prihvatljiviji. Fizičko-hemijske osobine dobijenog biodizela zadovoljavaju specifikacije standarda EN14214, zbog čega je ulje semena korovske biljke O. acanthium L. pogodna sirovina za sintezu biodizela. Zahvalnica Rad je deo istraživanja u okviru projekta III koji finansira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Spisak simbola: A - predeksponencijalni faktor, min -1 A C - zapreminski udeo pojedinačnih estara u smeši MEMK. C A - koncentracija TAG, mol/dm 3 E a - energija aktivacije, J/mol k 1 - konstanta brzine nepovratne reakcije pseudo-prvog reda, min -1 k 2 - konstanta brzine nepovratne reakcije pseudo-dru gog reda, dm 3 /(mol min) MRPD - srednje relativno procentno odstupanje, % n - broj eksperimentalnih vrednosti, 1 R - univerzalna gasna konstanta, J/(mol K) (-r A ) - brzina nestajanja TAG, mol/(dm 3 min) R 2 - koeficijent determinacije, 1 t - vreme, min x A - stepen konverzije TAG, 1 x Aa,i - stvarni stepen konverzije TAG, 1 x Am - srednja vrednost stepena konverzije TAG, 1 x Ap,i - predviđeni stepen konverzije TAG, 1 Skraćenice: CN - cetanski broj CN C - cetanski broj pojedinačnih estara u smeši MEMK DAG diacilgliceroli MAG monoacilgliceroli MEMK metil estri masnih kiselina TAG triacilgliceroli Literatura [1] V. B. Veljković, I. B. Banković-Ilić, O. S. Stamenković, Y.-T. Hung, in Advanced waste treatment in food processing industry, L.K. Wang, N.K. Shammas, Y.-T. Hung Ed., CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015, [u štampi]. [2] B. R. Moser, Influence of extended storage on fuel properties of methyl esters prepared from canola, palm, soybean and sunflower oils, Renewable Energy, 36 (2011) [3] M. J. Haas, A. J. McAloon, W. C. Yee, T. A. Foglia, A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs, Bioresource Technology, 97 (2006) [4] M. B. Tasić, O. S. Stamenković, V. B. Veljkovic, Cost analysis of simulated base-catalyzed biodiesel production processes, Energy Conversion and Management, 84 (2014) [5] M. Cardone, M. Mazzoncini, S. Menini, V. Rocco, A. Senatore, M. Seggiani, S. Vitolo, Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: agronomic evaluation, fuel production by transesterification and characterization, Biomass and Bioenergy 25 (2003) [6] B. R. Moser, K. Gerhard, V. F. Steven, I. A. Terry, Production and evaluation of biodiesel from field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oil. Energy and Fuels, 23 (2009) [7] S. Sultana, A. Khalid, M. Ahmad, A. A. Zuhairi, L. K. Teong, M. Zafar, F. Hassan, The production, optimization, and characterization of biodiesel from a novel source: Sinapis alba L., International Journal of Green Energy, 11 (2014) [8] R. Wang, W.-W. Zhou, M. A. Hanna, Y.-P. Zhang, P. S. Bhadury, Y. Wang, B.-A. Song, S. Yang, Biodiesel preparation, optimization, and fuel properties from nonedible feedstock Datura stramonium L., Fuel, 91 (2012) [9] R. Wang, M. A. Hanna, W. W. Zhou, P. S. Bhadury, Q. Chen, B.-A. Song, S. Yang, Production and selected fuel properties of biodiesel from promising non-edible oils: Euphorbia lathyris L., Sapium sebiferum L. and Jatropha curcas L., Bioresource Technology, 102 (2011) [10] N. Sharifi, E. Souri, S. A. Ziai, G. Amin, M. Amini, M. Amanlou, Isolation, identification and molecular docking studies of a new isolated compound from Onopordun acanthium: A novel angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, Journal of Ethnopharmacology,148 (2013) [11] H. F. Gerçel, Bio-oil production from Onopordum acanthium L. by slow pyrolysis, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 92 (2011) [12] H. Durak, T. Aysu, Effects of catalysts and solvents on liquefaction of Onopordum heteracanthum for production of bio-oils, Bioresource Technology, 166 (2014) [13] R. A. Rabu, I. Janajreh, D. Honnery, Transesterification of waste cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation, Energy Conversion and Management, 65 (2013) [14] A. Bokhari, S. Yusup, R. N. M. Kamil, J. Ahmad, Blending study of palm oil methyl esters with rubber seed oil methyl esters to improve biodiesel blending properties, Chemical engineering transactions, 37 (2014) [15] C. A. Z Jamil, A. Muslim, Performance of KOH as a catalyst for transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2 43
10 (2012) [16] B. B. Uzun, M. Kılıç, N. Özbay, A. E. Pütün, E. Pütün, Biodiesel production from waste frying oils: Optimization of reaction parameters and determination of fuel properties, Energy, 44 (2012) [17] K. G. Georgogianni, M. G. Kontominas, P. J. Pomonis, D. Avlonitis, V. Gergis, Alkaline conventional and in situ transesterification of cottonseed oil for the production of biodiesel, Energy Fuels, 22 (2008) [18] K. G. Georgogianni, M. G. Kontominas, P. J. Pomonis, D. Avlonitis, V. Gergis, Conventional and in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel, Fuel Processing Technology, 89 (2008) [19] G. Vicente, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, A. Esteban, Kinetics of sunflower oil methanolysis, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 (2005) [20] G. Vicente, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, Kinetics of Brassica carinata oil methanolysis, Energy Fuels, 20 (2006) [21] O. S. Stamenković, Z. B. Todorović, M. L. Lazić, V. B. Veljković, D. U. Skala, Kinetics of sunflower oil methanolysis at low temperatures, Bioresource Technology, 99 (2008) [22] H. Noureddini, D. Zhu, Kinetics of transesterification of soybean oil, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 74 (1997) [23] O. S. Stamenković, M. L. Lazić, Z. B. Todorović, V. B. Veljković, D. U. Skala, The effect of agitation intensity on alkali-catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil, Bioresource Technology, 98 (2007) [24] B. Freedman, R. O. Butterfield, E. H. Pryde, Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 63 (1986) [25] K. Komers, F. Skopal, R. Stloukal, J. Machek, Kinetics and mechanism of the KOH-catalyzed methanolysis of rapeseed oil for biodiesel production, European Journal Of Lipid Science and Technology, 104 (2002) [26] S. Shahla, G. C. Ngoh, R. Yusoff, The evaluation of various kinetic models for base-catalyzed ethanolysis of palm oil, Bioresource Technology, 104 (2012) 1 5. [27] I. Stanisavljević, S. Lakićević, D. Veličković, M. Lazić, V. Veljković, The extraction of oil from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seeds, Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quaterly, 13 (2007) [28] G. Vicente, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts system, Bioresource Technology, 92 (2004) [29] M. Tonguç, S. Erbaş, Evaluation of fatty acid compositions and some seed characters of common wild species from Turkey, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 36 (2012) [30] I. T. Stanisavljević, D. T. Veličković, Z. B. Todorović, M. L. Lazić, V. B. Veljković, Comparison of techniques for the extraction of tobacco seed oil, European Journal Of Lipid Science and Technology, 111 (2009) [31] M. D. Kostić, N. M. Joković, O. S. Stamenković, K. M. Rajković, P. S. Milić, V. B. Veljković, Optimization of hempseed oil extraction by n-hexane, Industrial Crops and Products, 48 (2013) [32] A. B. Fadhil, K. M. Ahmed, M. M. Dheyab, Silybum marianum L. seed oil: A novel feedstock for biodiesel production, Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012), dx.doi.org/ /j.arabjc [33] F. Ma, M. A. Hanna, Biodiesel production: a review, Bioresource Technology, 70 (1999) [34] J.Y. Park, D.K. Kim, Z.M. Wang, J.S. Lee, Fast biodiesel production with one-phase reaction, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 154 (2009) [35] A. V. Marjanović, O. S. Stamenković, Z. B. Todorović, M. L. Lazić, Vlada B. Veljković, Kinetics of the base-catalyzed sunflower oil ethanolysis, Fuel, 89 (2010) [36] G. Knothe, Fuel properties of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Prediction of fuel properties of algal biodiesel, Energy and Fuels, 26 (2012) [37] R. Yang, M. Su, M. Li, J. Zhang, X. Hao, H. Zhang, Onepot process combining transesterification and selective hydrogenation for biodiesel production from starting material of high degree of unsaturation, Bioresource Technology, 101 (2010) [38] I. Sengo, J. Gominho, L. d Orey, M. Martins, E. d Almeida- Duarte, H. Pereira, S. Ferreira-Dias, Response surface modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Cynara cardunculus oil, European Journal Of Lipid Science and Technology, 112 (2010) [39] G. Knothe G., O. R. Dunn, Dependence of oil stability index of fatty compounds on their structure and concentration and presence of metals, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80 (2003) [40] R. Pešić, A. Davinić, S. Veinović, Određivanje motorskih karakteristika biodizel goriva, Zbornik radova ISBN , 13. Simpozijum termičara Srbije, oktobar, Soko Banja [41] S.-Y. Li, J. D. Stuart, Y. Li, R. S. Parnas The feasibility of converting Cannabis sativa L. oil into biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 101 (2010) [42] O. Costenoble, M. Mittelbach, S. Schober, J. Fischer, J. Haupt, Improvements needed for the biodiesel standard EN EC project TREN/D2/44-LOT 1/S , NEN, University of Graz and AGQM. 2008, ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/doc/standard/ lot1.pdf (Jun, 2014) [43] S. Bogojević, P.J. Pavlović, Trend razvoja kvaliteta motornih benzina i dizel goriva u svetu i kod nas, Hemijska industrija, 55 (2001)
11 Summary THE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM THE COTTON THISTLE SEED OIL (Onopordum acanthium L.) Milan D. Kostić 1, Nataša M. Joković 2, Olivera S. Stamenković 1, Vlada B. Veljković 1 1 Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Leskovac, Serbia 2 Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia The seed oil of cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.) was used for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis in a two-step process that includes the H 2 SO 4 -catalyzed esterification of free fatty acid from the oil and the KOH-catalyzed methanolysis of the esterified oil. The kinetics of the methanolysis reaction of the esterified oil could be described by both the irreversible pseudo-first order and pseudosecond order law, though the higher conformity was achieved by the latter kinetic model. The reaction rate constants and activation energies were calculated. The adequacy of the model was evaluated using the R 2 values and the mean relative percentage deviation between the experimental and calculated values of the triacylglycerol conversion degree. The obtained biodiesel generally satisfied the EN standard limits. Therefore O. acanthium L. may be used as a low-cost and valuable raw material for the biodiesel synthesis. (ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER) UDK : : Keywords: biodiesel; cotton thistle; kinetics; methanolysis; Onopordum acanthium L.; twostep process. 45
THE KINETICS OF BASE-CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF WASTE COOKING OIL
THE KINETICS OF BASE-CATALYZED METHANOLYSIS OF WASTE COOKING OIL Olivera S. Stamenković 1, Milan D. Kostić 1, Nataša M. Joković 2, Vlada B. Veljković 1 1Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Leskovac,
More informationKINETIC MODEL OF ALGAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION UNDER SUPERCRITICAL METHANOLYSIS
KINETIC MODEL OF ALGAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION UNDER SUPERCRITICAL METHANOLYSIS Ashraf Amin, S. A. AboEl-Enin, G. El Diwani and S. Hawash Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant, National Research
More informationKINETIKA HETEROGENE METANOLIZE SVEŽEG I KORIŠĆENOG BILJNOG ULJA
UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU TEHNOLOŠKO METALURŠKI FAKULTET Ivana Z. Lukić KINETIKA HETEROGENE METANOLIZE SVEŽEG I KORIŠĆENOG BILJNOG ULJA doktorska disertacija Beograd, 2015 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE FACULTY OF
More informationUNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU TEHNOLOŠKO METALURŠKI FAKULTET. Željka S. Kesić
UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU TEHNOLOŠKO METALURŠKI FAKULTET Željka S. Kesić SINTEZA I KARAKTERIZACIJA KATALIZATORA NA BAZI MEŠOVITIH OKSIDA KALCIJUMA I DRUGIH METALA I ISPITIVANJE NJIHOVE AKTIVNOSTI U PROCESU
More informationBiodiesel from rapeseed variety Banaćanka using KOH catalyst
Biodiesel from rapeseed variety Banaćanka using KOH catalyst Radoslav D. Mićić 1, Milan D. Tomić 2, Mirko Đ. Simikić 2, Aleksandra R. Zarubica 3 1 NIS Gasprom, Refinery Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia 2 University
More informationUse of Ultrasound for Monitoring Reaction Kinetics of Biodiesel Synthesis: Experimental and Theoretical Studies.
Use of Ultrasound for Monitoring Reaction Kinetics of Biodiesel Synthesis: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. G Ahmad and R Patel University of Bradford Bradford UK Water and Energy Workshop 15 17 February
More informationA Renewable Diesel from Algae: Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel in Situ Transesterification of Chloro Phycophyta (Green Algea)
A Renewable Diesel from Algae: Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel in Situ Transesterification of Chloro Phycophyta (Green Algea) using Dodecane as a Solvent V.Naresh 1,S.Phabhakar 2, K.Annamalai
More informationDetermination of phase diagram of reaction system of biodiesel
324 FEED AND INDUSTRIAL RAW MATERIAL: Industrial Materials and Biofuel Determination of phase diagram of reaction system of biodiesel LIU Ye, YANG Hao, SHE Zhuhua, LIU Dachuan Wuhan Polytechnic University,
More informationECO-FRIENDLY PROCESSES FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM NON-EDIBLE OILS
UDC 6.75:6.633 DO: 10.7562/SE2013.3.01.03 Original article www.safety.ni.ac.rs VANA BANKOVĆ-LĆ 1 OLVERA STAMENKOVĆ 2 VLADA VELJKOVĆ 3 1 University of Niš, Faculty of Technology, Leskovac 1 ivanabank@yahoo.com
More informationMethanolysis of Jatropha Oil Using Conventional Heating
Science Journal Publication Science Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Methanolysis of Jatropha Oil Using Conventional Heating Susan A. Roces*, Raymond Tan, Francisco Jose T. Da Cruz, Shuren C. Gong,
More informationWORD COUNT 3387 TIME SUBMITTED 21-JAN :07AM PAPER ID
Characterization of rubber seed oil and the decreased in the value of FFA (Free Fatty Acid) as a introduction to produce of alternative fuels biodiesel By Siti Salamah WORD COUNT 3387 TIME SUBMITTED 21-JAN-2017
More informationPrivredno društvo za tehničko ispitivanje i analizu "Jugoinspekt Control" d.o.o. Bar Laboratorija
Dodatak Sertifikatu o akreditaciji - identifikacioni broj: ATCG-0049 Annex to Accreditation Certificate-Identification Number:ATCG-0049 Dodatak Sertifikatu o akreditaciji sa akreditacionim brojem Li 16.23
More informationCOMPARISON OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION NECESSARY FOR SUBCRITICAL AND SUBCRITICAL SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL. S. Glisic 1, 2*, D.
COMPARISON OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION NECESSARY FOR SUBCRITICAL AND SUBCRITICAL SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL S. Glisic 1, 2*, D. Skala 1, 2 1 Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva
More informationAbout the authors xi. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Preface
v Contents About the authors xi Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface xiii xv 1 Biodiesel as a renewable energy source 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy policy 2 1.3 Transformation of biomass 20 1.4
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF CORN OIL BIODIESEL
UDK 502.1:665.334.4:662.756.3 DOI: 10.7562/SE2018.8.02.02 Research paper www.znrfak.ni.ac.rs/se-journal/index.html ZVONKO NJEŽIĆ 1 IVANA BANKOVIĆ-ILIĆ 2 OLIVERA STAMENKOVIĆ 3 VLADA VELJKOVIĆ 4 1 University
More informationOptimization of the Temperature and Reaction Duration of One Step Transesterification
Optimization of the Temperature and Reaction Duration of One Step Transesterification Ding.Z 1 and Das.P 2 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, National university
More informationPERFORMANSE VOZILA SA BIODIZELOM KAO POGONSKIM GORIVOM VEHICLE PERFORMANCE WITH BIODIESEL FUEL
PERFORMANSE VOZILA SA BIODIZELOM KAO POGONSKIM GORIVOM VEHICLE PERFORMANCE WITH BIODIESEL FUEL Mr Milan Đorđević 1), dr Dušan Nestorović 2), Maja Đorđević 3) Rezime: Svakodnevni život bez upotrebe saobraćajnih
More informationDirect Production of Biodiesel from Lipid-Bearing Materials, Including Canola
Direct Production of Biodiesel from Lipid-Bearing Materials, Including Canola 1 Abstract Michael J. Haas, Karen Scott, Thomas Foglia and William N. Marmer Eastern Regional Research Center Agricultural
More informationOptimization of Biodiesel production parameters (Pongamia pinnata oil) by. transesterification process,
Journal of Advanced & Applied Sciences (JAAS) Volume 03, Issue 03, Pages 84-88, 2015 ISSN: 2289-6260 Optimization of Biodiesel production parameters (Pongamia pinnata oil) by transesterification process
More informationAnalysis of Mahua Biodiesel Production with Combined Effects of Input Trans-Esterification Process Parameters
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF R&D IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT Vol.3, Issue 7, April 2016, p.p.297-301, ISSN 2393-865X Analysis of Mahua Biodiesel Production with Combined Effects of Input Trans-Esterification
More informationTwo Novel Approaches Used to Produce Biodiesel from Low-Cost Feedstocks
The Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal, 2010, 3, 23-27 23 Open Access Two Novel Approaches Used to Produce Biodiesel from Low-Cost Feedstocks Xiaohu Fan *,1, Xi Wang 2 and Feng Chen 1 1 Department of
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
icbst 2014 International Conference on Business, Science and Technology which will be held at Hatyai, Thailand on the 25th and 26th of April 2014. AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
More informationTechnologies for Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oils: A Review
Indian Journal of Energy, Vol 2(6), 129 133, June 2013 Technologies for Production from Non-edible ils: A Review V. R. Kattimani 1* and B. M. Venkatesha 2 1 Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja s College,
More informationProject Reference No.: 40S_B_MTECH_007
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM DAIRY WASH WATER SCUM THROUGH HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TBC DIESEL ENGINE FOR DIFFERENT DIESEL AND METHANOL BLEND RATIOS Project Reference No.: 40S_B_MTECH_007
More informationCharacterisation of Biodiesel Derived From Waste Cotton Seed Oil and Waste Mustard Oil
Characterisation of Biodiesel Derived From Waste Cotton Seed Oil and Waste Mustard Oil Sandeep Singh 1*, Sumeet Sharma 1, S.K. Mohapatra 1 and K. Kundu 2 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar
More informationPROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_R_MTECH_1508
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE BASED HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MIXED WASTE COOKING OIL AND ITS PERFORMANCE ON DIESEL ENGINE PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_R_MTECH_1508 COLLEGE
More informationBLENDING STUDY OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTERS WITH JATROPHA OIL METHYL ESTERS TO IMPROVE FUEL PROPERTIES
1 (2012) 27-31 BLENDING STUDY OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTERS WITH JATROPHA OIL METHYL ESTERS TO IMPROVE FUEL PROPERTIES Umer Rashid 1, Suzana Yusup 2 *, Taiwo Gbemisola Taiwo 2, Murni Melati Ahmad 2 1 Institute
More informationProduction of Biodiesel Fuel from Waste Soya bean Cooking Oil by Alkali Trans-esterification Process
Current World Environment Vol. 11(1), 260-266 (2016) Production of Biodiesel Fuel from Waste Soya bean Cooking Oil by Alkali Trans-esterification Process Ajinkya Dipak Deshpande*, Pratiksinh Dilipsinh
More informationKINETICS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF ESTERIFIED CRUDE COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) SEED OIL
KINETICS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF ESTERIFIED CRUDE COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) SEED OIL 1* Lebnebiso, J. S., 2 Aberuagba, F., 1 Kareem, S. A. and 1 Cornelius, J. 1 Department of Chemical Engineering,
More information[Singh, 2(8): August, 2013] ISSN: Impact Factor: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY Optimization of Cotton Seed Methyl Ester and Mustard Methyl Ester from Transesterification Process Sandeep Singh *1, Sumeet Sharma
More informationBiodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil using Calcined Sodium Silicate Catalyst
Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil using Calcined Sodium Silicate Catalyst M.O. Daramola, D. Nkazi, K. Mtshali School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
More informationDeveloping the reaction kinetics for a biodiesel reactor
Slinn, Matthew and Kendall, Kevin Developing the reaction kinetics for a biodiesel reactor Bioresource Technology Volume 100, Issue 7, April 2009, Pages 2324-2327 ISSN 0960-8524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.044.
More informationOptimization for Community Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil via Two-Step Catalyzed Process
Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A 5 (5-6) (2015) 238-244 doi: 10.17265/2161-6213/2015.5-6.008 D DAVID PUBLISHING Optimization for Community Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Oil via Two-Step
More informationABSTRACT: 412 BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCKS ARE CHANGING AFFECTING THE VALUE OF THE BY-PRODUCTS
ABSTRACT: 412 BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCKS ARE CHANGING AFFECTING THE VALUE OF THE BY-PRODUCTS DU PLESSIS L M Research Consultant to Protein Research Foundation, Johannesburg, 2128, South Africa E-mail: lourensdup@kleinfontein.net
More informationDAVI DOS SANTOS, STEPHEN MONTGOMERY, ANN NUNNELLEY, MD NURUDDIN BSEN 5540/6540: BIOMASS AND BIOFUELS BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM VEGETABLE OIL GROUP:
DAVI DOS SANTOS, STEPHEN MONTGOMERY, ANN NUNNELLEY, MD NURUDDIN BSEN 5540/6540: BIOMASS AND BIOFUELS BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM VEGETABLE OIL GROUP: POPLAR 13 NOVEMBER, 2015 Table of Contents Introduction
More informationCHAPTER 4 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
56 CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL 4.1 INTRODUCTION Biodiesel has been produced on a large scale in the European Union (EU) since 1992 (European Biodiesel Board 2008) and in the United States of America
More informationThe Use of Microalgae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine : Production, Extraction and Engine Performance Assoc. Professor Dr. T. F. Yusaf Saddam H Al-lwayzy
The Use of Microalgae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine : Production, Extraction and Engine Performance Assoc. Professor Dr. T. F. Yusaf Saddam H Al-lwayzy USQ Combustion Meeting 21 Nov 2012 Outline 1. Introduction
More informationBiodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
ARTICLE IN PRESS Biomass and Bioenergy ] (]]]]) ]]] ]]] www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate S. Chongkhong, C. Tongurai, P. Chetpattananondh,
More informationTowards a Biodiesel-based Biorefinery: Chemical and Physical Properties of Reactively Extracted Rapeseed (Canola)
Towards a Biodiesel-based Biorefinery: Chemical and Physical Properties of Reactively Extracted Rapeseed (Canola) Yilong Ren, Adam Harvey and Rabitah Zakaria School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced
More informationGPS-BASED AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL VEHICLE STEERING
POLJOPRIVREDNA TEHNIKA Godina XXXI Broj 1, decebar 2006. Strane: 13-17 Poljoprivredni fakultet Institut za poljoprivrednu tehniku UDK:631.372;621.38 GPS-BASED AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL VEHICLE STEERING Andras
More informationComparison of Performance of Castor and Mustard Oil with Diesel in a Single and Twin Cylinder Kirsloskar Diesel Engine
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Volume 6, Number 2 (2013), pp. 237-241 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Comparison of Performance
More informationPalm Fatty Acid Biodiesel: Process Optimization and Study of Reaction Kinetics
Journal of Oleo Science Copyright 2010 by Japan Oil Chemists Society Palm Fatty Acid Biodiesel: Process Optimization and Study of Reaction Kinetics Praveen K. S. Yadav 1, Onkar Singh 2 and R. P. Singh
More informationEffects Of Free Fatty Acids, Water Content And Co- Solvent On Biodiesel Production By Supercritical Methanol Reaction
Effects Of Free Fatty Acids, Water Content And Co- Solvent On Biodiesel Production By Supercritical Methanol Reaction Kok Tat Tan*, Keat Teong Lee, Abdul Rahman Mohamed School of Chemical Engineering,
More informationTransesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel: effect of catalyst concentration and ultrasonication
Transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel: effect of catalyst concentration and ultrasonication K. G. GEORGOGIANNI 1, M. G. KONTOMINAS 1, D. AVLONITIS 2, V. GERGIS 3 1.
More informationA Novel Non-catalytic Biodiesel Production Process by Supercritical Methanol as NEDO High Efficiency Bioenergy Conversion Project
A Novel Non-catalytic Biodiesel Production Process by Supercritical Methanol as NEDO High Efficiency Bioenergy Conversion Project Shiro Saka * and Eiji Minami Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University,
More informationKinetic Processes Simulation for Production of the Biodiesel with Using as Enzyme
Kinetic Processes Simulation for Production of the Biodiesel with Using as Enzyme H.T.Hamd Abstract The esters components were produced by transesterification of the plant oil or for animal fat with methanol
More informationStudy on the compatibility of rubber materials in biodiesel derived from cottonseed oil
Study on the compatibility of rubber materials in biodiesel derived from cottonseed oil Guang Wu 1, Yongbin Lai 1, a, Li Kong 2, Lei Zhong 2 and Xiu Chen 2 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Anhui University
More informationBiodiesel production from Waste Vegetable Oil over SnO 2 /ZrO 2 Catalysts S. Dlambewu, E. Vunain, R. Meijboom, K. Jalama
Biodiesel production from Waste Vegetable Oil over SnO 2 /ZrO 2 Catalysts S. Dlambewu, E. Vunain, R. Meijboom, K. Jalama Abstract The catalytic properties of ZrO 2 -supported SnO 2 for the conversion of
More informationV.Venkatakranthi Teja. N S Raju Institute of Technology (NSRIT), Sontyam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh , India.
Preparation of Waste Cooking Oil as Alternative Fuel and Experimental Investigation Using Bio-Diesel Setup a Comparative Study with Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Mr.S.Sanyasi Rao Pradesh - 531173, India.
More informationTHE EFFECT OF BLENDING BRANCHED FATTY ACID ESTER WITH BIODIESEL TOWARDS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSION
THE EFFECT OF BLENDING BRANCHED FATTY ACID ESTER WITH BIODIESEL TOWARDS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSION Yoel Pasae Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
More informationInfluence of Operating Variables on the In-Situ Transesterification using CaO/Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Derived from Waste
40, Issue 1 (2017) 1-6 Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences Journal homepage: www.akademiabaru.com/arfmts.html ISSN: 2289-7879 Influence of Operating Variables on the In-Situ
More informationPotential vegetable oils of Indian origin as biodiesel feedstock An experimental study
Journal of Scientific AGARWAL & Industrial et al: Research POTENTIAL VEGETABLE OILS OF INDIAN ORIGIN AS BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK Vol. 71, April 212, pp. 285-289 285 Potential vegetable oils of Indian origin
More informationWhat is Biodiesel? Biodiesel consists of alkyl-esters derived from a biological source
Biodiesel What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel consists of alkyl-esters derived from a biological source Biodiesel can be used as a fuel in compression ignition engines (i.e. diesels) Can be blended with petroleum
More informationEnhancement of Pretreatment Process for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil Having High Content of Free Fatty Acids
Enhancement of Pretreatment Process for Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil Having High Content of Free Fatty Acids Thumesha Kaushalya Jayasinghe *1, Paweetida Sungwornpatansakul 2, Kunio Yoshikawa
More informationBiodiesel from soybean oil in supercritical methanol with co-solvent
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Energy Conversion and Management 49 (28) 98 912 www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman Biodiesel from soybean oil in supercritical methanol with co-solvent Jian-Zhong
More informationCOMPARISON OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESELS MADE FROM ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA LIPIDS AND FROM USED COOKING OIL
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 399-403 (2017) 399 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-017-0317-1 COMPARISON OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS AND FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESELS MADE FROM ISOCHRYSIS
More informationZašto???? Rezerve nafte Povećane potrebe Fourth level Cena nafte Geopolitički interesi Zaštita životne sredine (emisija CO2, biorazgradljivost) Zakons
Nove level bioobnovljive Second sirovine i za proizvodnju motornih tehnologije»goriva Fifth level I hemikalija Prof. dr Borivoj Adnađević Fakultet za fizičku hemiju, Univerzitet u Beogradu Zašto???? Rezerve
More informationA Computer-Controlled Biodiesel Experiment
Paper ID #7252 A Computer-Controlled Biodiesel Experiment Dr. William M. Clark, Worcester Polytechnic Institute William Clark is an associate professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at Worcester
More informationSynthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester by In-Situ Transesterification in Capparis Deciduas Seed
Synthesis and Characterization of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester by In-Situ Transesterification in Capparis Deciduas Seed Raghunath D POKHARKAR, Prasad E FUNDE, Shripad S JOSHI Shirish S PINGALE Jain irrigation
More informationBIODIESEL DEVELOPMENT FROM HIGH FREE FATTY ACID PUNNAKKA OIL
BIODIESEL DEVELOPMENT FROM HIGH FREE FATTY ACID PUNNAKKA OIL Ramaraju A. and Ashok Kumar T. V. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India E-Mail: ashokkumarcec@gmail.com
More informationEffect of Amount of Catalyst, Agitation Rate, and Methanol to Oil Molar Ratio using Mixed Catalyst Derived from Coconut Waste and Eggshells
Journal of Advanced Research in Biofuel and Bioenergy 1, Issue 1 (2017) 1-5 Journal of Advanced Research in Biofuel and Bioenergy Journal homepage: www.akademiabaru.com/arbb.html ISSN: 2600-8459 Effect
More informationNon-catalytic alcoholysis process for production of biodiesel fuel by using bubble column reactor
Journal of Physics: Conference Series OPEN ACCESS Non-catalytic alcoholysis process for production of biodiesel fuel by using bubble column reactor To cite this article: S Hagiwara et al 2015 J. Phys.:
More informationEffect of Rubber Seed Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesel Diesel Blends on Diesel Engine Emission and Combustion Characteristics
Effect of Rubber Seed Oil and Palm Oil Biodiesel Diesel Blends on Diesel Engine Emission and Combustion Characteristics Ibrahim Khalil 1, a, A.Rashid A.Aziz 2,b and Suzana Yusuf 3,c 1,2 Mechanical Engineering
More informationAustralian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. The Properties of Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Continues Process
AENSI Journals Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences ISSN:1991-8178 Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com The Properties of Biodiesel Using Ultrasonic Continues Process Nurrul Rahmah Binti Mohd
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 251 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (November 2004)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 251 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION (November 2004) Biodiesel is an ester of fatty acids produced from renewable resources such as virgin vegetable oil, animal fats and used
More informationTransesterification of Palm Oil with NaOH Catalyst Using Co-solvent Methyl Ester
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.9, No.12, pp 570-575, 2016 Transesterification of Palm Oil with NaOH Catalyst Using Co-solvent
More informationImprovement of High Blend Palm Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Properties Using Ethanol Additive
Engineering and Technology 2015; 2(5): 324-328 Published online July 20, 2015 (http://www.aascit.org/journal/et) Improvement of High Blend Palm Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Properties Using Ethanol Additive Obed
More informationProduction and Evaluation of Biodiesel from Sheep Fats Waste
Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Vol.13 No.1 (March 12) 11-18 ISSN: 1997-4884 University of Baghdad College of Engineering Production
More informationComparison of Karanja, Mahua and Polanga Biodiesel Production through Response Surface Methodology
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF R&D IN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT Vol.4, Issue 2, June 2016, p.p.78-84, ISSN 2393-865X Comparison of Karanja, Mahua and Polanga Biodiesel Production through Response Surface
More informationUtilization of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) as a Major Raw Material for the Production of Biodiesel
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 60(2): 203-207, 2012 (July) Utilization of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) as a Major Raw Material for the Production of Biodiesel Hossain Mohammad Imran 1, Arafat H.Khan 1, M.Shahinul Islam
More informationEnergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production From Waste Groundnut Oil
Energy Analysis of Biodiesel Production From Waste Groundnut Oil AYOOLA A.A. 1, ORESEGUN O.R. 2, OLADIMEJI T.E. 3, ENEGHALU C. 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Abstract:
More informationAlternative Energy Source in a Developing Country: Biodiesel Option in Nigeria. AMACHREE, AKENS
JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserved Full-text Available Online at www.ajol.info and www.bioline.org.br/ja J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Sept, 2015 Vol. 19 (3) 389-394 Alternative Energy Source in
More informationTRANSESTERIFICATION OF RAPESEED OIL BY SOLID OXIDE CATALYSTS JERRY LUIS SOLIS VALDIVIA PHD STUDENT POKE SUMMER SCHOOL SAAREMAA, ESTONIA 2014
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF RAPESEED OIL BY SOLID OXIDE CATALYSTS JERRY LUIS SOLIS VALDIVIA PHD STUDENT POKE SUMMER SCHOOL SAAREMAA, ESTONIA 2014 OUTLINE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD RESULTS
More informationCarbon Science and Technology
ASI ARTICLE Received : 11/09/2014, Accepted:10/10/2014 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Process parameters optimization
More informationEmulsifier JEB 60 for Biodiesel
Emulsifier JEB 60 for Biodiesel BIODIESEL 1st Generation Biodiesel is a liquid fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, the most used raw materials for this purpose are rapeseed, sunflower and
More informationBiodiesel Production from Wet Microalgae Biomass through Direct Transesterification by Conventional and Microwave Radiation Method
International Journal of Materials Science ISSN 0973-4589 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017), pp. 187-196 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Biodiesel Production from Wet Microalgae Biomass
More informationPerformance and Experimental analysis of a Safflower biodiesel and Diesel blends on C.I. Engine
Performance and Experimental analysis of a Safflower biodiesel and Diesel blends on C.I. Engine Manindra Singh Rathore 1, J.K. Tiwari 2, Shashank Mishra 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSTC, SSGI,
More informationPROSPECTS OF DIATOMS AS THIRD GENERATION BIOFUEL Shilpi Samantray 1, Aakanksha 2, Supriya Guruprasad 1 & T.V Ramachandra 1 1
Cyclotella sp. PROSPECTS OF DIATOMS AS THIRD GENERATION BIOFUEL Shilpi Samantray 1, Aakanksha 2, Supriya Guruprasad 1 & T.V Ramachandra 1 1 Energy & Wetland Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences,
More informationHydrothermal treatment of bio-oil for the production of biodiesel antioxidants
Engineering Conferences International ECI Digital Archives 5th International Congress on Green Process Engineering (GPE 2016) Proceedings 6-20-2016 Hydrothermal treatment of bio-oil for the production
More informationBiodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids: An optimized process
Biomass and Bioenergy 31 (2007) 569 575 www.elsevier.com/locate/biombioe Biodiesel production from jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas) with high free fatty acids: An optimized process Alok Kumar Tiwari, Akhilesh
More informationBiodiesel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Papaya Seed Oil and Rambutan Seed Oil
Biodiesel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Papaya Seed Oil and Rambutan Seed Oil C. S. Wong 1, R. Othman 2 1, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, International College (ICOLE), Universiti
More informationTHE NOVEL CONTINUES BIODIESEL USING ULTRASOUND CLAMP TUBULAR REACTOR PROJECT LEADER PROF. DR. SULAIMAN BIN HAJI HASAN
THE NOVEL CONTINUES BIODIESEL USING ULTRASOUND CLAMP TUBULAR REACTOR PROJECT LEADER PROF. DR. SULAIMAN BIN HAJI HASAN GROUP MEMBER PROF. ING DARWIN SEBAYANG DR. IR. PUDJI UNTORO ASSOC. PROF. DR. ANIKA
More informationProperties and Use of Jatropha Curcas Ethyl Ester and Diesel Fuel Blends in Variable Compression Ignition Engine
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 74, June 2015, pp. 343-347 Properties and Use of Jatropha Curcas Ethyl Ester and Diesel Fuel Blends in Variable Compression Ignition Engine R Kumar*, A
More informationBIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY A CONTINUOUS PROCESS USING A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST
J. Curr. Chem. Pharm. Sc.: 2(1), 2012, 12-16 ISSN 2277-2871 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY A CONTINUOUS PROCESS USING A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST SHARDA D. NAGE *, K. S. KULKARNI, A. D. KULKARNI and NIRAJ S. TOPARE
More informationCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
57 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Biodiesel have been processed from various plant derived oil sources including both Edible and Non-Edible oils. But,
More information4. Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate. Research Article
4. Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Research Article Abstract Tarun Kataria Third Year Bachelor of Technology Department of Oils, Oleochemicals & Surfactant Technology Palm fatty
More informationPreparation of Vegetable Oil as Biodiesel Feedstock Via Re- Esterification: A Suitable Catalyst
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 79 (2015 ) 143 148 2015 International onference on Alternative Energy in Developing ountries and Emerging Economies Preparation of
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-DIESEL
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE USING BIO-DIESEL Vishwanath V K 1, Pradhan Aiyappa M R 2, Aravind S Desai 3 1 Graduate student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute
More informationCharacterization of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil via Base Catalyzed Transesterification
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 53 ( 2013 ) 7 12 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering & Technology 2012, MUCET 2012 Part 3 - Civil and Chemical Engineering
More informationInvestigation of Fuel Properties of Crude Rice Bran Oil Methyl Ester and Their Blends with Diesel and Kerosene
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726 Volume 3 Issue 6ǁ June 2014 ǁ PP.04-09 Investigation of Fuel Properties of Crude Rice Bran Oil Methyl
More informationEvaluation of heterotrophic chlorella protothecoides microalgae as a most suitable good quality biofuel
Evaluation of heterotrophic chlorella protothecoides microalgae as a most suitable good quality biofuel 1 Jagadevkumar A. Patil, 2 Pravin V. Honguntikar 1 Engineering Faculty of Godutai Engineering College
More informationChemical Modification of Palm Oil for Low Temperature Applications and its Study on Tribological Properties
Journal of Advanced Engineering Research ISSN: 2393-8447 Volume 4, Issue 2, 2017, pp.109-113 Chemical Modification of Palm Oil for Low Temperature Applications and its Study on Tribological Properties
More informationEFFECT OF FATTY ACID PROFILE OF BIODIESEL ON ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AND VISCOSITY OF BIODIESEL AND BLENDS
EFFECT OF FATTY ACID PROFILE OF BIODIESEL ON ADIABATIC COMPRESSIBILITY AND VISCOSITY OF BIODIESEL AND BLENDS K. Rajagopal, Kaleem Ahmed Jaleeli and *Adeel Ahmad Biophysics Unit, Department of Physics,
More informationHETEROGENEOUSLY CATALYSED ETHANOLYSIS OF SUNFLOWER OIL IN THE PRESENCE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL, ETHYL ACETATE AND DIETHYL ETHER AS COSOLVENTS
HETEROGENEOUSLY CATALYSED ETHANOLYSIS OF SUNFLOWER OIL IN THE PRESENCE OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL, ETHYL ACETATE AND DIETHYL ETHER AS COSOLVENTS Dušica R. Đokić-Stojanović 1*, Zoran B. Todorović 2, Dragan Z.
More informationA PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COTTON SEED OIL AND TESTING ON SMALL CAPACITY DIESEL ENGINE
A PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COTTON SEED OIL AND TESTING ON SMALL CAPACITY DIESEL ENGINE Sandeep Singh 1, Sumeet Sharma 2 & S.K. Mohapatra 3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, BBSBEC, Fatehgarh
More informationEngineer Luiz Englert Str., Blue Building N12104-Central campus, District Farroupilha, CEP: Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
Modelling Chemical inetics of Soybean Oil Transesterification Process for Biodiesel Production: An Analysis of Molar Ratio between Alcohol and Soybean Oil Temperature Changes on the Process Conversion
More informationNEDO Biodiesel Production Process by Supercritical Methanol Technologies. Shiro Saka
November 22, 2006 (9:30-9:45) The 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Development (SEE2006) Bangkok, Thailand NEDO Biodiesel Production Process by Supercritical Methanol Technologies
More informationBIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN A BATCH REACTOR 1. THEORY
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN A BATCH REACTOR Date: September-November, 2017. Biodiesel is obtained through transesterification reaction of soybean oil by methanol, using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The
More informationGRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering Volume 1 Issue 12 November 2016 ISSN:
GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering Volume 1 Issue 12 November 2016 ISSN: 2455-5703 Effect of Brake Thermal Efficiency of a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine Operating
More informationKinetics in Hydrolysis of Oils/Fats and Subsequent Methyl Esterification in Two-step Supercritical Methanol Method for Biodiesel Production
Kinetics in Hydrolysis of ils/fats and Subsequent Methyl Esterification in Two-step Supercritical Methanol Method for Biodiesel Production Eiji Minami and Shiro Saka * Graduate School of Energy Science,
More information