Portable Power & Storage - PDF Free Download

Portable Power & Storage NMTC Disruptive Technology Summit and TECH CONN3CT Workshops 28 April 2017 Edward J. Plichta Chief Scientist for Power & Energy Command Power & Integration Directorate Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 1

Digital Revolution: Information age 1 million time size reduction 1 million by 1 million time integration over 50 years First Transistor (1947) 22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor 2

Digital Revolution: Information age 1 million time size reduction 1 million by 1 million time integration over 50 years Applications First Transistor (1947) 22 nm Tri-Gate Transistor 3

Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion 4

Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids 5

Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids Portable 6

Battery evolution Rechargeable Batteries Only 5 times energy integration over 150 years! First Lead Acid Battery (1859) by French physicist Gaston Planté Li-Ion EV s & Grids Portable How much more energy can we integrate into a given weight/volume? 7

Electric grid Commercial Military Can we integrate energy storage into the grid? Grid stability and load leveling Integration of renewables: solar & wind Electric transportation: vehicles, aircraft, ships 8

Batteries for the future Energy density Power density Safety Cost Cycle life & Calendar life Lithium or other chemistries? Army requirements and applications? 9

Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) 10

Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight M maximum voltage lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) highest Li + Na + Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Pb 2+/4+ H + (<4.5V) (<4.2V) (<3.8V) (<3.1V) (<2.2V) (<2.1V) (<1.5V) 11

Choosing materials Why Lithium? e - + M + e - + M + + Host M MHost M atomic weight M maximum voltage M cost ($/kg) lightest Pb 2+/4+ (207) Zn 2+ (65) Al 3+ (27) Mg 2+ (25) Na + (23) Li + (7) H + (1) highest Li + Na + Mg 2+ Al 3+ Zn 2+ Pb 2+/4+ H + (<4.5V) (<4.2V) (<3.8V) (<3.1V) (<2.2V) (<2.1V) (<1.5V) lowest Mg 2+ (2) Al 3+ (2) Zn 2+ (2) Pb 2+/4+ (2) Na + (1) Li + (40)* H (nearly free) * Li in Li-Ion batteries is only <3% of total cost 12

Li-ion batteries 18650 Cell Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistry Material challenges of batteries Electron transport in solid Ionic diffusion in liquid and solid Structure volume change Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) electrolyte stability Safety flammability Costs xli + + xe _ + C 6 Li x C 6 Discharge yli + + ye _ + Li 1-y CoO 2 Li y CoO 2 Li x C 6 xli + + xe _ + C 6 Charge yli + + ye _ + Li 1-y CoO 2 Li y CoO 2 13

Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) 14

Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) Along with other factors generates heat and leads to Venting & Fire 15

Li-ion safety Cathode Anode Decomposes Electrolyte at Cathode Overcharge Plates Lithium at Anode (<0V vs Li+) Mitigate by engineered safety Battery management circuits (required) Thermal shutdown separators Positive thermal coefficient device (PTC) Current interrupt device (CID) Non-flammable electrolytes High tolerance manufacturing particle shorting Active and passive thermal management 16

Li-ion now & goals Now Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 200 Energy Density (Wh/l) 250 Cost ($/kwh) 300 Cycle life 1,000 2,000 Service life (years) 7-10 Safety no fires propagating cell to cell upon failure (UL1973) 17

Li-ion now & goals Targets Now Portable & Transportation Electric Grid Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 200 300-500 N/A Energy Density (Wh/l) 250 300-500 N/A Cost ($/kwh) 300 125 <100 Cycle life 1,000 2,000 4,000-5,000 4,000-5,000 Service life (years) 7-10 15 15 Safety no fires propagating cell to cell upon failure (UL1973) 18

Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost Timeline M + Now 2020 2025 2030 Li + Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH 19

Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now 2020 2025 2030 Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook 20

Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Na + Zn 2+ Timeline Now 2020 2025 2030 Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal Na-ion outlook 21

Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now 2020 2025 2030 Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook Na + Zn 2+ Na-ion $? 22

Future rechargeables e - + M + + Host MHost M + Li + Pb 2+/4+ H +, NiMH Timeline Now 2020 2025 2030 Graphite Li-Metal Alloys (Si, Al, etc) Li-metal outlook Na + Zn 2+ Na-ion $? Mg 2+ Al 3+ Multi-valent 23

Future rechargeables Tesla & world today 25

Future rechargeables Tesla & world today LiSi Li-metal Holy Grail 26

Future rechargeables 3-6X Energy Density Possible! Tesla & world today Li/Air & Li/S LiSi Li-metal Holy Grail 27

Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! 28

Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) 29

Future rechargeables LiSi-ion Li/Air and Li/S Li-metal Holy Grail Challenges many solutions many more! Si large volume expansion nano-silicon & coatings (C, Li 2 O, self-healing polymers) Li - dendrites ionic membranes, hollow carbon spheres (C, BN & Graphene) S polysulfide dissolution S-encapsulation (TiO 2 ), soluble polysulfide flow battery, Li 2 S, conductive coating of separator Air electrode low rate & reversibility oxygen catalyst, solubility additives, high donor number solvents Safety flammability - nonflammable electrolytes (ionic liquids, fluoride based) & smart separators (Cu third electrode) 33

Soldier power PAST PRESENT FUTURE Individual Batteries Flexible Power Sources Integrated Hybrid Power Sources 36

Soldier power PAST PRESENT FUTURE Individual Batteries Flexible Power Sources Integrated Hybrid Power Sources Technical Need Areas for 2030 and Beyond Higher Energy Density Nano-Materials High Voltage, Wide Temperature Stable Electrolytes Flexible & Structurally Integrated Design Ultra-Low Power Circuit Designs Safe Wireless Power 37

Weight (lb) Soldier power needs 160 140 2012 Soldier burdened with many heavy low energy batteries High amount of battery swapping required to sustain operations due to lack of charging capability for peripheral equipment 2020 Soldier power source weight reduced by use of higher energy centralized power sources and higher efficiency kinetic energy harvesting devices Battery swapping nearly eliminated due to BOTH centralized and on-the-move charging of peripheral equipment 120 100 80 60 Energy Need: 2 kwh Energy Need: 1 kwh 40 20 0 150 Wh/kg Li-ion Rifleman & Radio Battery 2012 2015 2020 Squad Leader Total Weight LiSi-ion CWB & Highly Efficient Kinetic Energy Harvesters Squad Leader Power Weight 57% Battery Wt Reduction (13% Overall) 250 Wh/kg Based on the dismounted baseline operating during a 72 hr mission with the maximum use of rechargeable batteries. 39

Soldier power trends 40

Soldier power trends CWB Fuel Cell Li/CFx Li-ion Conformal wearable power sources - hybrids (fuel cell, battery, ultracaps) 41

Soldier power trends CWB Fuel Cell Li/CFx Li-ion Conformal wearable power sources - hybrids (fuel cell, battery, ultracaps) Bullet Resistant Electrochemical Materials Cells Embedded Bullet Resistant Cases Structurally integrated - ballistic protection batteries 42

Tactical power grid Intelligent Tactical Micro-Grids (up to 360kW) OBVP AMMPS Generators Renewables Energy Storage & Intelligent Power Distribution & Control Energy Storage Energy Informed Operations 44

Thank You! 45