Approach to simulation of phase behavior

Approach to simulation of phase behavior Classical approach Assay analysis Based on TBP, API gravity, Distillation behavior Water solubility by special correlations Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 1

Approach to simulation of phase behavior PDC s approach Molecular analysis Mixture of identified substances GC analysis with peak identification Component classes PONA or PA for liquid-liquid behavior PIONA for vapor-liquid behavior Oxygenates Carbon numbers Describes/predicts behavior of hydrocarbon/oxygenates blends Ethanol / gasoline Other components Vapor-liquid Liquid-liquid Multidimensional GC method pren ISO 22854:2007 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 2

Molecular approach: activity coefficients Vapor-liquid equilibria Sensitive to molecular composition Component classes Carbon number per class Distinguish among isomers Compromise Accuracy Required data Paraffins carbon number nr. of isomers 4 2 5 3 6 5 7 9 10 75 20 366,319 p P i = γ = N i i = 1 sat ( x, T ) x P ( T ) p Hexane isomers i H 3 C CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 i CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 i H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 BP ( C) 68.7 63.3 60.3 58.0 H 3 C 49.7 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 3

Molecular approach: activity coefficients Liquid-liquid equilibria Sensitive to composition Component class Paraffinic Aromatic Carbon number Overall or per class Less complex analysis I i ( I ) I II ( II x, T x γ x, T ) x II γ = i i i Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 4

Molecular approach: activity coefficients How to calculate γ i x,t? Solution models Requires binary interaction parameters Nr. of binaries in an n-component mixture: Fuel: > 30 components: 435 binaries Group-contribution models Mixture of molecular groups Binary group interactions Group activity coefficient 5 molecular groups 10 group interactions No limit to nr. of fuel components UNIFAC method ( ) Functional-group Activity Coefficients γ G ( x T ) G i, HC HC n( n 1) 2 CH 2 CH 2 H 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH H 3 C CH 2 CH 2 OH CH CH H 2 C H 2 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 5

Simulation of ASTM D-86 Heat loss = F(T bp -T amb ) Nr. of stages reflux distillate Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 6

Results: Gasoline and E10 200 180 160 140 temperature C 120 100 80 gasoline 60 gasoline + 10 %vol ethanol 40 20 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 7

Results: Gasoline and E10 0 10 %wt ethanol blend - boiling point gasoline C -5-10 -15-20 gasoline gasoline + 10 %vol ethanol -25 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 8

Results: E10 fuels 200 E10 Canada 200 E10 Thailand 180 180 160 160 140 140 temperatuire C 120 100 80 temperatuire C 120 100 80 60 60 40 40 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volum e fraction dis tilled volum e fraction dis tilled T/ C Exp Calc % 70 38.8 36.9-1.9 100 50.4 49.1-1.3 150 86.8 87.3 0.5 180 96.5 95.2-1.3 T/ C Exp Calc % 70 44.9 43.7-1.2 100 59.1 60.7 1.6 150 97.1 95.5-1.6 180-99.5 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 9

Results: E25 fuels 200 E25 Brasil #6 200 E25 Brasil #10 180 180 160 160 140 140 temperatuire C 120 100 80 temperatuire C 120 100 80 60 60 40 40 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volum e fraction dis tilled volum e fraction dis tilled T/ C Exp Calc % 70 37.5 42.3 4.8 100 69.5 68.1-1.4 150 84.7 80.9-3.8 180 93.2 90.8-2.4 T/ C Exp Calc % 70 42.5 46.1 3.6 100 72 72.5 0.5 150 85.6 84.3-1.3 180 94.6 93.3-1.3 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 10

Results: Martini 2007 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 11

Results: Martini 2007 200.0 180.0 160.0 boiling temperature C 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 Fuel B Fuel A 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 vol% dis tilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 12

Results: Martini 2007 10 8 6 4 T(fuel A) - T(fuel B) C 2 0-2 -4-6 -8-10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 13

Results: Martini 2007 5.0 0.0 5% ethanol -5.0 T(ethanol blend) - T(gasoline) C -10.0-15.0-20.0-25.0 10% ethanol -30.0-35.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 14

Boiling point depression: azeotropic effect 200 aromats n-paraffins 150 i-paraffins atmospheric boiling point C 100 50 ethanol 0 intermediate-boilers: azeotropes heavy boiliers light-boilers -50 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 carbon number Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 15

Boiling point depression: azeotropic effect 1000 70 C n-pentane 100 n-heptane vapor pressure kpa 10 n-decane 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% %wt hydrocarbon Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 16

Distillation of ethanol blends 200 180 160 140 temperature C 120 100 80 gasoline 20 40 50 65 85 %wt ethanol 60 40 20 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% %vol distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 17

Distillation of ethanol blends 100% 90% 80% 70% E150 E100 EN228 E150 spec Distillation parameters 60% 50% 40% EN228 E100 spec EN228 E70 spec class A-B 30% 20% EN228 E70 spec class C-F 10% E70 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% %wt ethanol Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 18

DVPE of ethanol blends 100 15293 class B 90 80 70 F E 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A 15293 class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous 30 20 anhydrous 10 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 19

DVPE of ethanol blends 100 15293 class B 90 80 15% isopentane in blendstock 5% butane in blendstock 70 F E 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A 15293 class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous 30 20 anhydrous 10 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 20

DVPE of ethanol blends 100 15293 class B 90 80 15% isopentane in blendstock 5% butane in blendstock 70 F E 5% hydrous 5% isopentane in blend 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A 15293 class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous 30 20 anhydrous 10 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 21

Phase stability of hydrous ethanol blends 20 0% TBA E3 E5 E1 10 0 turbidity temperature C -10-20 1% TBA -30 E1 E3-40 E5-50 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% weight% water on ethanol Terschel, DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) report 645 (2005) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 22

Liquid-liquid behavior 5 %wt 10 %wt ethanol ethanol bezene water n-hexane water Ross S., Patterson R.E., J.Chem.Eng.Data 24 (1979) 111-5 Vorob'eva A.I., Karapet'yants M.Kh., Russ.J.Phys.Chem. 40 (1966) 1619-22 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 23

Liquid-liquid behavior 30% 5% water on ethanol 25% n-hexane benzene 20% %wt ethanol 15% 10% 5% 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% phase boundary, %wt water Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 24

Liquid-liquid behavior 18% 16% phase boundary, %wt water in ethanol 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% benzene n-hexane 2% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% phase %wt ethanol Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 25

Liquid-liquid behavior 9% 8% 1% TBA phase boundary, %wt water on ethanol 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0.5% TBA no TBA 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% %vol ethanol in blend Engelen B. (chair), 'Guidelines for blending and handling motor gasoline containing up to 10% v/v ethanol', Concawe, 2008. Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 26

US initiatives Pilot Programs for Mid-Range Ethanol Blends and Hydrous Ethanol Link to legislation: http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=495978 24 June 2008 Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed into law the Advanced Biofuel Industry Development Initiative (HB 1270), an act intended to support the development of a statewide advanced biofuel industry. Louisiana is now the first state to enact alternative transportation fuel legislation that includes a variable blending pump pilot program with mid-range blends (blends of E10, E20, E30 and E85) and a pilot program for the use of hydrous ethanol.. The state is also testing the use of hydrous ethanol blends of E10, E20, E30 and E85 in motor vehicles specifically selected for test purposes until 1 January 2012. During this period the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry Division of Weights & Measures will monitor the performance of the motor vehicles. The hydrous blends will be tested for blend optimization with respect to fuel consumption and engine emissions. Preliminary tests conducted in Europe have proven that the use of hydrous ethanol, which eliminates the need for the hydrous-to-anhydrous dehydration processing step, results in an energy savings of between ten percent and forty-five percent during processing, a four percent product volume increase, higher mileage per gallon, a cleaner engine interior, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.. Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July 3 2008. Slide 27