Energy, Mining and Environment Portfolio Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Lithium Ion Technologies Isobel Davidson, Principal Research Officer 19 November 2014 Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies
Current trends in energy storage Electrochemical energy storage technologies are moving to larger size scale to address grid applications Technology choices differ for different applications Cost is a main driver but siting considerations are also important (eg. Pumped hydro versus batteries) Changes in regulations are influencing market particularly in respect to balancing renewables California 1.3 GW Placement of energy storage behind the meter ~25 kwh range for a typical commercial building Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 2
Drivers for choice of storage technology Some applications well suited to smaller scale storage behind the meter, wind/solar ramping, space constraints Li ion is second most popular electrochemical energy storage technology after Na/S and growing market share faster Availability of technology broad range of manufacturers versus single supplier slower than expected EV uptake Feasibility of moving energy storage system from site to site as needed infrastructure investment deferment Round trip efficiencies (>90%) of Li ion compare favourably with other electrochemical storage technologies MW Deployed to 2010 Na/S Li ion Lead based Flywheel Ni/Cd Flow MW Deployed to 2013 Na/S Li ion Lead based Flywheel Ni/Cd Flow Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 3
A little history EVs Grid Power Tools Cellphones Laptops Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 4
Cost of Li ion Current cost for large scale Li-ion storage ~$1,000/kWh High cost of Li ion technologies is an impediment to their adoption Experience curve of EV s illustrates affect of market growth Larger scale batteries typically cost more per kwh than smaller Nissan Leaf replacement batteries meeting battery costs for electronics Larger scale production should lead to further cost reductions Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies
Building Blocks Packs Controls Inverters Modules Cells Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 6
Basic unit - cell Sizes ~3 Ah cells for laptops to >200 Ah for EV or grid scale cells Shapes cylindrical, pouch, prismatic Construction wound, stacked, folded Chemistry numerous have been proposed, many in production Tesla versus Leaf - ~7000 cells versus 192 cells Tesla Model S Nissan Leaf Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 7
Li ion chemistry Li ions shuttle from anode to cathode on discharge and from cathode to anode on charge Anode is typically carbon based often graphite Cathode is transition metal oxide or phosphate Basic electrochemistry of Li ion can accommodate a variety of cathode materials Choice of chemistry affects voltage, storage capacity, power rating and other performance characteristics Li ion batteries can be designed for high power or high energy applications Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies
Safety and reliability High profile battery fires have lead to remarkable improvements in safety and reliability However cell failures do still occur Main causes of cell failure are internal or external shorts, overcharge, or overheating Safety mechanisms are used at the cell, module and pack levels to minimize risk Pack should be designed to accommodate failure of some individual cells In large storage devices fire suppression systems are often incorporated Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 9
Summary Lithium ion technology has found niches in grid-tied energy storage ~300 MW s deployed to date With competition, larger scale production and further innovations significant cost reductions may be realise much like for the electric vehicle market Li-ion technology is well suited to space-constrained applications due to its high energy density It s a very versatile technology that can be tuned to power and energy requirements High round-trip efficiency and low self-discharge may make it suitable for some arbitrage applications Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies 10
Discussion Thank-you Energy Storage Technology Roadmap Li ion technologies