Beyond the Headlines An overview of Li-ion in Energy Storage
Contents Why Lithium-Ion? Chemistry generations Challenges when Scaling Up Safety Thermal Management
Why Li-ion?
Perfect Energy Storage System Cost Operating Lifespan Footprint
Why Li-ion? Cost 500 Battery cell costs (US$ / kwh) 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Ampd Energy Limited 2014: Huge investments in China on gigafactories for Li-ion production for domestic EV sector
Why Li-ion? Operating life 6,000 Cycle life (number of cycles) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 '1st gen' '2nd gen' '3rd gen' '4th gen' '5th gen'?
Why Li-ion? Footprint 1400 Volumetric power density (W / L) 1200 1000 800 600 400 Aqueous Hybrid Ion Li-ion 200 Lead acid 0 NiCad 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Volumetric energy density (Wh / L)
Why Li-ion? Footprint Ultracapacitors work great as capacitors, not so much as energy storage devices 12000 Volumetric power density (W / L) 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Ultracapacitor Aqueous Hybrid Ion Lead acid NiCad 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Volumetric energy density (Wh / L) Li-ion
Chemistry Generations
Chemistry 1st gen 2nd gen 3rd gen 4th gen Lithium Cobalt Oxide Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium-NCM Lithium-NCA Lithium Titanate
Chemistry "1st gen" "2nd gen" "3rd gen" "4th gen" Lithium cobalt oxide Lithium iron phosphate Lithium-NCM Lithium-NCA Lithium titanate Availability Cost effectiveness Energy density Power density Thermal stability Operating lifespan Future cost reductions
Challenges with Scaling Up
Safety Probability Lithium-ion failure 1 0.0000025 % Lead-acid battery explosion 2 0.001 % Struck by lightning 3 0.008 % 400x 8x Samsung Galaxy Note 7 explosion 4 0.011 % 1 Dahn, J.; Erlich, G. M. (2011). Lithium Ion Batteries. Reddy, T. B., ed. Linden s Handbook of Batteries, 4 th edition. McGraw Hill, 2011, ISBN 978-0-07-162421-3; pp 26 68 2 NHTSA Research Note (1997). Injuries Associated With Hazards Involving Motor Vehicle Batteries, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 3 How Dangerous is Lightning?, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce 4 Lee, Y. (2016). Samsung Galaxy Note 7 troubles, by the numbers, Associated Press
Safety Lead-acid battery i.e. car battery fires & explosions
Safety Leading to fires of conventional, gasoline vehicles
Safety Can be enhanced with system level technologies i.e. outside the battery cell Probability Lithium-ion failure 1 0.0000025 % Lead-acid battery explosion 2 0.001 % Struck by lightning 0.008 % Samsung Galaxy Note 7 explosion 3 0.011 %
Safety: Cell-level fusing A123 Connection tab fuse pattern Tesla Wire bond fuse Ampd Embedded microfuse traces Different manufacturers, different solutions due to different supply chains and manufacturing setups
Safety: Standards 10 Wh 100 Wh 1 kwh >10 kwh Battery cell: UL1642 UL 2054 IEC 62133 Battery pack: UL 1973 IEEE 1625 Energy storage system: UL 9540 IEEE 2030.3 Transportation: UN 38.3
Thermal Management Amine, K., Liu, J., Belharouak, I., Electrochemistry Communications 7 (2005), 669-673 Battery Pack Design, Validation and Assembly Guide using A123 Systems AMP20M1HD-A Nanophosphate Cells, A123 Systems, LLC (2014) Ramadass, P., et. al., Journal of Power Sources 112 (2002), 606-613 Broussely, M., et. al., Journal of Power Sources 146 (2005), 90-96
Thermal Management Why? Desirable to keep temperatures < 55 C. Significant, indisputable body of literature showing lithium-ion batteries age quickly at higher temperatures. Nothing to do with safety even the most thermally unstable lithium-ion chemistries only break-down at ~130 C.
Thermal Management LG Chem, BMW Direct Expansion Ampd Solid-state Cooling Tesla Liquid Cooling Volkswagen, Toyota, Kia Forced Convection No best option. Each solution is optimal for different applications, performance requirements and cost points.
Thermal Management Max. temp.: ~70 C Max. temp.: ~55 C No internal cooling Solid-state cooling Solid-state cooling technology: an effective cooling method, even in worst-case-scenario conditions, with no moving parts, and incredibly competitive economics
In Summary Lithium-ion will continue to dominate near term energy storage installations Multiple chemistry generations; third- and fourthgeneration chemistries perfect for energy storage Challenges when scaling up lithium-ion battery systems
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