Index A Asia, 1 3, 9 12, 17, 32, 50, 61 66, 70, 79, 108, 110 112, 114 117, 123, 125, 128, 147, 152, 154, 177, 196, 198, 212, 254 256, 264 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), 253 ASEAN GAP, 116, 118, 122 C California, 39, 40, 50, 69, 71, 75, 77, 133, 282 California Effect, 64, 66 California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Agreement (LGMA), 39 Chemical chemical management requirements (CMR), 186, 194 China China GAP, 116 Cobb-Douglas function, 215, 218 Compliance compliance with technical regulation, 202, 207, 211, 225 226, 228, 231 fixed cost of compliance, 225 Cost elasticity, 209 D Demand-enhancing effects, 202 Diffusion mode of, 134 The Author(s) 2017 E. Michida et al. (eds.), Regulations and International Trade, IDE-JETRO Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55041-1 317
318 Index Diffusion (cont.) motives of, 63 private standards, 110 regulatory, 9, 64, 79 80, 111 Due diligence, 33, 40, 45, 109 E Economic development, 7, 64, 69, 154, 255 End of life vehicle (ELV), 75, 94, 276 European regulations burdens of proof of compliance, 48 50, 90, 248, 257, 306, 313 314 challenges to Thai firms, 15, 102, 277 278, 308, 310, 313 practical implication of, 72, 87, 92, 94, 103, 314 European Union (EU), 25, 29, 34 37, 42, 44, 60, 108, 143, 151, 180, 263, 275, 279, 306 Export diversification of export markets, 228 entry into export markets, 226 227 export amount, 225 227, 229, 236, 238, 240 241 export function, 207 export performance, 9, 13 14, 170, 203, 224 226, 231 232, 248 export processing zones (EPZs), 255 number of export markets entered, 14, 226 227, 231 F Food safety controls, 24, 44 Food Safety Modernization Act, 41 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 157, 187, 213, 255 Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), 33 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 33 4 modes of adoption, 112 113, 115, 117 Fragmentation policy fragmentation, 9, 62, 79 81 G Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) ASEAN GAP, 122 China GAP, 116 GLOBALG.A.P., 2, 40, 45, 116 JGAP, 115, 119, 120 VietGAP, 121 Globalization management of, 21 22 Global value chain (GVC), see Supply chain, global supply chain indirect effect of global value chain, 230 H Harmonization of regulations, 109 Hazards, 4, 29, 30, 31, 38, 48, 49
Index 319 I India, 65 66, 71 72, 117, 167, 254 Indirect exporter, 153, 185, 196 Indonesia, 34 37, 78, 114 115, 117, 121, 133, 177, 196, 198, 254 Industrial policy, 6 7, 10, 62, 66, 124 Information asymmetry, 67 68 Inputoutput table, 230 231 Instrumental variable (IV), 211, 214, 217, 224, 227 228, 235, 240, 243 International production network, 181, 185, 226 International standards, 144, 226, 257 Investment brownfield, 255 greenfield, 255 ISO 9001, 211, 217, 226, 228, 253 254, 257 263, 265 271, 295 ISO 14001, 66, 81, 217, 226, 228, 253, 257, 259 263, 267 270 Iterative three-stage least squares (I3SLS), 210 IKEA IWAY, 180 J Japan, 6 7, 12, 15 17, 49, 65 71, 73 74, 76, 84, 87, 93, 103, 108, 111, 114, 116, 118 120, 129, 147, 152, 154, 156, 158 160, 163 164, 166 167, 173 174, 176 177, 180, 198, 221, 249 250, 260 261, 273 274, 282 JGAP, 115, 118 120 K Krugman, Paul, 134, 141 L Legality Assurance Systems, 33 Linkage index export forward linkage index, 230, 234 export to EU forward linkage index, 234 forward linkage index, 230 standard forward linkage, 231 M Malaysia, 12 15, 114, 116 117, 122, 152, 154, 156, 158 160, 162, 164 167, 169 172, 174 176, 201 205, 212 215, 217, 219, 223 224, 228, 230 236, 238, 240 243, 253 254, 256, 261 263, 265 267, 269 Mandatory diffusion of, 112 Market failure, 66, 68 diversification, 155, 165, 227 Material procurement, 155, 164, 252 Microbial contamination, 3, 7, 26, 28, 39, 41, 110 Monopolistic competition model diffusion of private standards, 61, 110, 113 fixed cost of adoption to standards/regulations, 8, 31, 69, 125 126, 132, 138
320 Index Monopolistic competition model (cont.) fixed cost of exporting, 11 Multinational corporations (MNCs), see Multinational enterprises (MNEs) material management system, 88 phase-out of restricted substances, 88 supply chain control, 13 Multinational enterprises (MNEs), see Multinational corporations (MNCs) ordered probit model, 227, 229, 235 probit estimation, 186 187, 190, 192 193, 227, 235 probit model, 211, 227 229, 235, 243 Product-related environmental regulations (PRERs) characteristics of, 264 Product related environmental regulations on chemicals (PRERCs), 263 264 N Non-tariff measures (NTMs), 67, 180 O OEKO-TEX, 180 P Penang, Malaysia, 152, 158 159, 175 176, 212, 256 Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle, 258 Pollution haven hypothesis, 253, 268, 270 Preventive controls, 2, 4, 12, 39 41, 44, 51 52 Private standards diffusion of, 61, 110, 113 voluntary, 13, 180 Schemes, 24 25, 30, 35 Probit instrumental variable (IV) probit model, 227 R Race-to-the-bottom, 62 Race-to-the-top, 62, 78 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation, 3, 86, 223, 264 Regulation management-based, 29, 41 performance-based, 28 technology-based, 29, 39 40 Request from customers, 228, 266 267 Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Regulation, 3 Risk assessment, 4, 42, 49, 60 based approaches, 4, 23, 37 HACCP-based approaches, 41 Management, 4, 22, 30, 42, 48, 59, 108, 156 See also Hazards
Index 321 S Safety and quality requirements, 201 202, 205, 207 Sample selection model, 227 South Korea, 65, 69, 71, 75, 116 Standards process, 28 29, 35 product, 28 Supply chain global supply chain, 7, 12, 16, 64, 69, 79, 84, 86, 109, 124 125, 128, 155, 175, 177, 198, 230, 241, 248, 277 T Technical regulations, 13 14, 152, 201 203, 206 211, 218 219, 221, 223 228, 230, 241, 250 Thailand responses to EU RoHS, REACH, 173 ThaiRoHS Alliance as an informal group to improve ability to handle new EU regulation, 91 control program practical guideline provided by, 91 to improve analytical capabilities, 97 training of trainers, auditors, consultants, 94 Toxic Substances Control Act, 39, 47 Trade-cost effects, 225 Translog cost function, 203, 207 209, 218 Transmission channel, 13, 181 184, 187 188, 194 Transnational private governance, I private standards, 22 25, 47 Transnational regulation, 22, 50 Turkey, 65 66, 68 69, 76 V Value chain, see Supply chain global (GVCs), see Supply chain, global supply chain VietGAP, 117 118, 121 Vietnam Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI), 157, 176, 188, 196 Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA), 29, 34, 36 W Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Directive, 60, 71, 86 World Trade Organization (WTO), 6, 15, 21, 59, 111, 179, 204