New York City Transit Department of Buses Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER Conference 23 Newport, RI August 26, 23
Outline Background Regulated Emissions Unregulated Emissions Toxicity Particle Size Economic Analysis Cost Factors Capital Costs Operating Cost NPV of Life Cycle Costs Issues For Future Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Technologies Compared Baseline Diesel Model years 1998 21 Diesel Oxidation catalyst (DOC) installed Standard on-road diesel fuel (typical 35 PPM sulfur) NOT including EGR or other post 1-2 technologies Natural Gas Buses Model years 1998 21 Mostly CNG; a few LNG No oxidation catalyst installed Clean Diesel Model years 1998 21 Ultra low sulfur Diesel fuel (<3 PPM sulfur) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) installed NOT including EGR or other post 1-2 technologies Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Data Sources Emissions NY Clean Diesel Demonstration Program California EC-Diesel Technology Validation Program Miscellaneous published sources (WVU, CARB) Economic Analysis NYCT data from operating CNG buses since 1995 and Clean Diesel Buses since 21 Published information on CNG costs from LACMTA, GCRTA, and Coast Mountain Bus Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Effect of Clean Diesel on Regulated Emissions (CBD Cycle).7 PM THC NOx CO.4 42 12.6.35 36 1 Mass Emissions (g/mile).5.4.3.2.3.25.2.15.1 3 24 18 12 8 6 4.1.5 6 2 STD ULSD DPF STD ULSD DPF STD ULSD DPF STD ULSD DPF Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Regulated Emissions of Clean Diesel vs CNG (CBD Cycle).5 PM THC NMHC NOx CO 27 6 48 27 Mass Emission (g/mile).4.3.2 24 21 18 15 12 9 5 4 3 2 42 36 3 24 18 24 21 18 15 12 9.1 6 1 12 6 3 6 3 DPF CNG CNG+OC DPF CNG CNG+OC DPF CNG CNG+OC DPF CNG CNG+OC DPF CNG CNG+OC Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Regulated Emissions of Clean Diesel vs CNG (NYB Cycle) Mass Emissions (g/mile).16.14.12.1.8.6.4.2 DPF PM CNG 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DPF THC CNG 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 NMHC NOx CO 12 72 DPF CNG 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 64 56 48 4 32 24 16 8 DPF CNG DPF CNG Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Unregulated Emissions of Clean Diesel vs CNG Data from New York Clean Diesel Demonstration Program, CBD Cycle 5 Benzene (mg/mi) Carbonyl (gm/mi) PAH (ug/mi) NO2PAH (ug/mi) 15 1.8 Mass Emissions 4 3 2 1 1.2 1.8.6.4.2 9 75 6 45 3 15 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.8.6.4.2 STD ULSD DPF CNG STD ULSD DPF CNG STD ULSD DPF CNG ULSD DPF CNG Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Unregulated Emissions of Clean Diesel vs CNG Data from California EC Diesel Technology Validation Program, CBD Cycle 5 Benzene (mg/mi) Carbonyl (gm/mi) PAH (gm/mi) NO2PAH (ug/mi).2 8 1.2 72 Mass Emissions 4 3 2 1.8.6.4.1.1 64 56 48 4 32 24 1.2 16 8 STD ULSD DPF CNG STD ULSD DPF CNG STD ULSD DPF CNG STD ULSD DPF CNG Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
PM Particle Count by Size Number Concentration, dn/dlogdp (#/cc) 1.E+8 1.E+7 1.E+6 1.E+5 1.E+4 Avg DPF (619, 665) Avg CNG (854, 975) without backfires CNG (824) with backfires CNG (824) backfires removed 1.E+3 3 6 11 18 27 42 68 11 167 26 42 68 Size (nm) Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Emissions Summary CNG Better than Clean Diesel Clean Diesel Better than CNG CNG & Clean Diesel Equal NOx THC NMHC CO Benzene Carbonyl PAH PM mass PM particle number and size NO2PAH Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
CNG Cost Factors Compared to STANDARD diesel buses, CNG buses cost more for: Capital Bus purchase - Engines, CNG tanks & piping Fuel station installation - High pressure compressors Depot safety modifications - Increased ventilation - Methane detection - remove/mitigate emission sources Operating NG fuel (+ $.11/mile) - Cost of compression - Lower fuel economy Bus maintenance (+ $.2/mile) - Engine, fuel system - Lower reliability Fuel station maintenance - Heavy duty engines & compressors Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Clean Diesel Cost Factors Compared to STD diesel buses, Clean Diesel buses cost more for: Capital DPF purchase & installation - Including spares for cleaning Diesel fuel station installation - Included only for apples to apples comparison no actual investment required to switch from standard diesel to ULSD Operating ULSD fuel (+ $.4/mile) - Mostly based on increased logistics cost for noncommercial fuel Annual Cleaning Cleaning/replacement of plugged units - Result of engine upset conditions (5-7.5%/year) Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Capital Cost Comparison Incremental costs compared to standard diesel for purchasing 2 buses and outfitting one depot CNG Clean Diesel Cost Element Per Bus Total Per Bus Total Incremental Bus Cost $3, $6 million CNG Fuel Station NA $5 million Depot Modification NA $2 million DPF (incl spares) $5,9 $1.2 million Diesel Fuel Station NA $.5 million TOTAL $31 million $1.7 million Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Operating Cost Comparison Incremental annual costs compared to standard diesel for operating 2 buses at one depot CNG Clean Diesel Cost Element Per Bus Total Per Bus Total Incremental CNG Fuel $2,86 $.6 million CNG Fuel Station Maintenance Incr Bus Maintenance NA $5,2 $.9 million $1. million Incremental ULSD $1,4 $28, Diesel Fuel Station Maintenance DPF replacements Annual DPF Cleaning NA $137 $67 $92, $27,4 $134, TOTAL $2.5 million $461,4 Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
NPV Life-Cycle Analysis Discount rate 6% Period of analysis 3 years Based on operating 2 buses at one depot location Investments based on life cycle of equipment: Facility & Fuel Station Investment CNG Bus CNG Bus Purchase Purchase DPF DPF DPF DPF Purchase Purchase Purchase Purchase Year 1 Year 15 Year 3 Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Life Cycle Cost Comparison Incremental costs compared to standard diesel for operating 2 buses at one depot location Does not include overhaul of CNG and diesel engines at mid-life (assumed equivalent) CNG Clean Diesel NPV of Capital Costs NPV of Operating Costs NPV of TOTAL COSTS $33,653,86 $36,651,891 $7,35,697 $3,448,862 $6,732,158 $1,181,2 Annualized NPV of Total Costs $2,343,523 $339,367 Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Summary In comparison to CNG, diesel is inherently more fuel efficient While CNG has historically had an inherent emissions advantage, new technologies applied to diesel have dramatically closed the gap Even with the new technologies (which have added cost), diesel retains a significant cost advantage over CNG Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23
Issues Chassis testing shows CNG NOx is much more variable than diesel NOx implications for real world emissions? Effect of catalyst on CNG emissions more data needed EGR and other technologies certified to reduce diesel NOx post Oct 22 chassis test data required to judge real world effects Effect of 27 EPA NOx regulations will NG retain any inherent NOx advantage? - Will diesel retain current cost advantage? Measurement of unregulated toxic emissions standards required for collection and analysis Comparison of Clean Diesel Buses to CNG Buses DEER 23