Tests spread the news on accuracy

Josh Giumelli Tests spread the news on accuracy Kondinin Group put linkage and belt fertiliser spreaders through their paces to gauge accuracy and rate the machines on construction, calibration and safety. Tests using common fertilisers showed varied results and demonstrated the importance of choosing a spreader carefully. At a glance Kondinin Group tested fertiliser spreaders with di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea and with lime for belt spreader models to see how wide machines could spread while staying within industry standards for accuracy. Linkage spreaders were generally more accurate and wider spreading than their belt model counterparts. Results varied widely for belt spreaders, with bout widths from metres on granulated products and m on lime. While most machines were generally safe to operate, many had poorly guarded spinners. Round-and-round passes provided more accurate spreading and higher bout widths than up-and-back pass directions. With soaring fertiliser and fuel prices, farmers can save money and time by choosing a fertiliser spreader that will maximise application efficiency. While some manufacturers quote impressive spread widths, the actual bout width (or spread distance between passes) can vary substantially, depending on the product used and accuracy required. This, in turn, can impact on over- or underfertilising, overlap, time efficiency and result in higher costs due to wastage. Accuracy is the key Distribution accuracy is vital as it places the nutrients where they are needed most. Over-fertilising with large overlaps wastes product, fuel and time and can lead to burning of pasture and increased nutrient run-off. Fertiliser accuracy is measured using the co-efficient of variance (CV). This value is a ratio of the standard deviation to the average across the width of the bout, with a lower CV indicating a more accurate spread pattern. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely the values differ from the average. Farmers need to be aware that figures quoted for foreign-made machines spreading Josh Giumelli a foreign fertiliser cannot always be replicated in Australia with local products. Farmers looking for a spreader to complement a controlled traffic farming operation could be disappointed with Kondinin Group research team members Fleur Muller and Tim Andrew emptied a collection tray after a fertiliser spreader completed a test run. Samples were weighed and recorded. FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Research Report distribution across the bout unless they research equipment before buying. Spreaders put to the test Kondinin Group tests of four linkage and six belt spreaders show that accurate, widebout machines do exist (see Table ). The Bredal K, Amazone ZA-M, Bogballe MW, Comspread Bulk Bin, Landaco TS and Vicon RS-XL machines all could spread di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) at a bout width of more than metres at a CV of less than per cent. For urea, a lighter product, the Amazone ZA-M and Bredal K both managed bouts in excess of m at a CV of less than %. Lime spreading tests were less spectacular with the Bredal K the only standout model, recording a bout width of m for round-and-round passes or m for up-andback passes. Most other machines managed bout widths of m before the CV exceeded %. Industry standards set the bar The Australian Fertiliser Services Association (AFSA) developed a distribution performance accreditation for spreading contractors called Accuspread. ASFA has set an agreed level of accuracy for granulated fertiliser products at % CV and % CV for fine product such as lime and gypsum. Kondinin Group engineers in conjunction with ASFA used the Accuspread testing procedures to establish the maximum bout width of spreaders tested without exceeding the distribution variation. Visit Kondinin Group s web site at www.kondinin.com.au for bout width selection graphs. Spread patterns were established by running machines over two rows of Josh Giumelli Kondinin group research engineer Tim Andrew and Accuspread tester Russell Nichol inspect the spinners on the Comspread Bulk Bin belt spreader. This was the only truck-mounted unit tested. -millimetre square trays fitted with baffles to stop granulated products from bouncing out. Trays were set mm apart, with trays on either side of the tractor s wheeltrack and one in the centre. Applying fertiliser samples Three passes were carried out for granulated products (supplied by Hi-Fert) to improve sample accuracy, with urea applied at kilograms per hectare and DAP at kg/ha. Lime was spread at kg/ha, with only one pass over the trays needed due to the higher application rate. The machines were set for maximum width for DAP and urea tests. Samples were weighed individually and the fertiliser distribution was plotted on graphs TABLE How fertiliser spreaders performed as evaluated by Kondinin Group Make and model Construction rating (%) Calibration rating (%) Safety rating (%) Round-and-round bout (m) Accuracy (%) Up-and-back bout (m) Accuracy (%) Round-and-round bout (m) Accuracy (%) Up-and-back bout (m) Accuracy (%) Round-and-round bout (m) Accuracy (%) Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) Lime Urea Amazone ZA-M 7.. NA NA NA NA.. Bogballe MW.. NA NA NA NA.. Bredal K 7...... Comspread truck 7...... Gason 77 7 7.....7. Grizzly GM 7 7....7..7 Landaco TS 7 7..7 7. 7.7.. Lely Tulip.. NA NA NA NA.. Centerliner SX Marshall T 7.. 7.... Vicon RS-XL.. NA NA NA NA..7. Higher percentage scores indicate a better performance. The highest score possible is.. Accuracy: The lower the score, the better the performance. NA = not applicable as these machines were not tested with lime. (%) bout (m) Up-and-back Accuracy FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

This space is deliberately blank FIGURE A Spreader type owned Three-point linkage % Self-propelled.% Truck mounted.% Trailing.% Type of fertiliser spreader owned by Kondinin Group members surveyed in the National Agricultural Survey. Source: Kondinin Group National Agricultural Survey. to display the actual deposits of fertiliser measured in each tray across the spread width (see individual reports, pages ). Round-and-round or up-and-back The distinction between spreading patterns is important as round-and-round passes overlap opposite sides of the spread pattern on each successive pass, while up-andback overlaps the same side on each pass. This means that if a spread pattern is heavier FIGURE B Spreader make owned Horwood Bagshaw % Landaco % Bogballe % Jetstream % Silvan % Home-made % AgWare % Amazone % Crump % Lely % Vicon % Other % Marshall Multispread % Make of fertiliser spreader owned by Kondinin Group members surveyed. Source: Kondinin Group National Agricultural Survey. on one side, it will be evened out by going round-and-round but compounded by travelling up-and-back. See Table for machine specifications. Ownership of machines Of farmers surveyed in Kondinin Group s National Agricultural Survey FIGURE How owners rated performance of fertiliser spreaders This space is deliberately blank AgWare Amazone Bogballe Crump Home-made Horwood Bagshaw Jetstream Landaco Lely Marshall Multispread Other Silvan Vicon 7 7 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 Source: Kondinin Group National Agricultural Survey. 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 77 7 7 7 7 7 Per cent Ease of use Reliability Construction Safety Performance Distribution uniformity Calibration FIGURE Buy again ratings from owners AgWare Amazone Bogballe Crump Home made Horwood Bagshaw Jetstream Landaco Lely Marshall Multispread Other Silvan Vicon 7 Per cent Source: Kondinin Group National Agricultural Survey. 7 7 7 7 7 7 Yes No Unsure 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Research Report Ben White Kondinin Group put fertiliser spreaders through their paces to test how well each unit performed in distributing a range of fertiliser types accurately as well as evaluating construction quality and ease of use. (NAS), two-thirds owned a trailing fertiliser spreader, % used a linkage spreader and the remainder had self-propelled or truckmounted machines (see Figure A). One-third of farmers surveyed owned a Marshall Multispread machine, making it the most popular fertiliser spreader among Kondinin Group members (see Figure B). Vicon and Lely units were also popular with ownership at % each. Only two per cent of farmers used homemade spreaders. Farmers rate performance Most machines rated well for ease of use, reliability and construction but lower for calibration, performance and distribution uniformity (see Figure ). Owners regarded Amazone spreaders highly with % stating they would buy the same machine again (see Figure ). Owners of Bogballe, Agware and Marshall spreaders were similarly impressed, with buy again ratings of 7%, 7% and 7% respectively. But Jetstream fared poorly with only % of owners prepared to buy the same machine again. Safety with fertilisers Fertcare a training and accreditation programme developed by the Australian fertiliser industry with support from the Australian Government focuses on managing environmental and food safety issues associated with fertilisers. Fertcare courses Training is delivered at three levels. Level A (logistics) focuses on risk management in relation to the handling of fertilisers (covering identification; understanding labels; storage; handling). Level B (sales) relates to nutrient use and plant nutrition (including application methods; environment and food safety; regulations; soil and plant sampling; occupational health and safety issues). Level C (adviser) has two components: C and C. Level C trains in areas such as risk assessment, food safety, plant and soil sampling, transport, storage, handling and application. In Level C participants are assessed for competency in knowledge and development of recommendations. Quality assurance A refresher course is required every two years to maintain accreditation. Premises that store bulk fertiliser are required to undergo two-yearly audits. For information visit www.fertcare. com.au or phone () 7. TABLE Specifications of fertiliser spreaders tested by Kondinin Group Amazone ZA-M ultra Bogballe M (W) plus Bredal K Comspread Bulk Bin.7m Gason 77 Grizzly GM Landaco TS, Lely Tulip Centerliner SX Marshall T Vicon RS-XL Type Linkage Linkage Belt Belt, Belt Belt Belt Linkage Belt Linkage truck-mounted Capacity (kg) 7 Capacity (L) 7 Empty weight (kg) 7 7 7 Width adjustment Vanes Angle Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Spinner speed Wheel centres (mm) Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable 7 Not applicable Axles Not applicable Not applicable Single Not applicable Single Single Single Not applicable Single Not applicable Rate controller Computer Computer 7 Manual Computer Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Manual Tyres Not applicable Not applicable /. Not applicable. x aircraft.x, Not applicable.x, Not applicable flotation Gripsters ply ply Spinner drive PTO PTO PTO belt Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic Hydraulic PTO Belt PTO Feed belt drive Not applicable Not applicable Three-speed Hydraulic Three-speed Direct axle Three-speed Not applicable Four-speed Not applicable wheel drive 7 wheel drive ground ground Advertised spread Up to Up to Up to Up to Up to Up to width A (m) and up to Warranty (months) Price B (with GST) $, $,77 $, $, $,7 $, $, $, $, $, Options:. L with U extension.. Different vanes.. Power take-off and gearbox.. Range of options.. Tandem.. Amatron+. 7. Calibrator Uniq.. GPS and VR-ready.. Centronic monitor.. VRT.. Monitor.. Tyres:.x tractor.. High flotation.. Tyres: /. or /. flotation.. Hydraulic.. Hydraulic or auxiliary motor. 7. Electrohydraulic.. Hydraulic.. Farm: months; other: six months.. Load cells fitted add $7. A. Product dependent. B. Prices are as tested. FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Variations in distribution revealed The results for each fertiliser spreader tested include distribution graphs (see Figure ) that display the actual deposits of fertiliser measured in each tray across the spread width. A pass either side of the distribution at maximum effective bout width has been superimposed on each di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea graph and a cumulative line included. This cumulative amount is what the machine actually spreads as it travels across the paddock in successive passes. Belt spreaders include a result for lime, which is given as a distribution graph only due to the small bout width. The bout width selection graph (see Figure ) is more complicated and is computer-generated by overlapping the distribution curves successively as if the fertiliser spreader was driven at different pass widths. The variance is plotted on the graph as the width increases. Visit Kondinin Group s web site at www.kondinin.com.au for bout width selection graphs. Reading the graphs Machines tested were trying to achieve the highest bout width with a co-efficient of variance (CV) below the line at per cent CV. For example, Figure has a maximum bout width at metres (shown by the dashed vertical line) as this is where the actual CV line crosses the % CV limit. The hump between m and m shows the machine was set for maximum spreading width (in this case m) and by using a lower bout width between these values, the CV limit cannot be maintained. This does not mean the machine cannot spread accurately below this width, just that it needs to be reset. Individual results Few fertiliser spreaders tested could maintain the actual CV line below the CV limit across all bout widths at the maximum width setting. The results for each machine tested include two lines: one each for round-and-round passes (or racetrack) and up-and-back passes. FIGURE Distribution of spread Deposit (g) CV (%) - - - Distance from centre (m) FIGURE Bout width selection Bout width (m) Racetrack Up-and-back Target CV This space is deliberately blank FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Research Report Amazone ZA-M Ultra While the stainless steel guards and deflectors were well constructed, there was a tendency for operators to use the deflector as a step. Centre: Spread width was easy to set by rotating the vanes on the spinners. Levers and scale markings were of quality moulded plastic construction. Right: The Amatron monitor had a large screen and was easy to read. Load cells fitted to the spreader allowed real-time spreading rates to be displayed. FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea FIGURE 7 Results of spreading tests using DAP 7 - - Effective width (bout) m Effective width (bout) m - - FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August The Amazone ZA-M Ultra proved a capable and accurate linkage fertiliser spreader and Kondinin Group engineers were impressed with its ease of use. The spreader recorded identical -metre bout widths at a co-efficient of variance of. per cent for the urea tests (see Figure ) and managed the full m bout width for the di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests on both up-and-back and round-and-round passes (see Figure 7). While operators can use the Amatron monitor to set the spread rate using electric actuators, manual rate calibration is straightforward using the two shutterslide levers on the rear of the machine. Both spinners have twin shutters: one for rate adjustment; and one for opening and closing functions. Spread width is increased by rotating the vanes on the twin spinners in the direction of rotation. Because the spreader has load cells, the monitor can check the application rate during spreading. Shutters can operate independently from tractor hydraulics. While no fenceline function was fitted to the machine tested, the rate in one spinner could be reduced while travelling along the edge of a paddock. 7 - - p Effective width (bout) m p Effective width (bout) m - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Accumulated Pass Pass Pass The hydraulics were routed through a manifold which contained a check-valve to prevent the slides from closing under spring pressure if the valves leaked. A separate hydraulic line shuts the valve to over-ride the check-valve, allowing the springs to close the slides. Kondinin Group engineers who tested and evaluated the machine said it was well constructed with liberal use of stainless steel on the spinners, deflectors and guarding but guard edges were a little sharp. While ladders were fitted to both sides of the bin, the bottom step was too high. There was also a tendency for operators to use the deflectors as a step, which could lead to damage. A stainless steel pipe guard around the rear of the machine kept operators clear of the spinners. The guard was easy to remove for maintenance access. Spread width and accuracy. Stainless steel guarding. Easy calibration and manual over-ride. Electric rate adjustment for each side. Steps are too high. Deflectors can be used as a step. Sharp edges on guards. Landpower Phone: () Web site: landpower.com.au. Larger spread widths are possible on the spreader due to the combination of a spinner speed of only 7 revolutions per minute and long spreading vanes, which prevent shattering of the product.

Bogballe MW A headland pattern function could be engaged by the computer with a back-up lever at the rear of the Bogballe MW linkage spreader. Centre: A pointer at the front of the unit displays the rate, while the adjustable scale stop is left in the down position under normal automatic control. The inclinometer sets the tilt angle when adjusting the tractor s top link. Right: The small footprint left the spreader dangerously unstable when removed from the tractor. ABogballe MW linkage fertiliser spreader performed well on the maximum width urea tests, with a round-and-round bout width of metres at a co-efficient of variance (CV) of. per cent, which was better at.% for the up-and-back bout of m (see Figure ). But the spread pattern tended to be heavy on the right side for di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure ). The round-and-round tests resulted in an impressive bout width of m at.% CV as the heavy side was counteracted by the lighter spread pattern on the following pass. The bout width dropped to m at.% CV for up-and-back passes as either heavy or light sides double up on the next pass. FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea - Effective width (bout) m - When equipped with the ISOBUScompatible Calibrator monitor, the rate adjustment sets automatically after kilograms of product has been spread or monitored continually and adjusted under fully automatic control. Shutters open and close and are adjusted automatically by electric linear actuators and are controlled by a single button from the tractor cabin. Manual over-ride of the rate adjustment involves setting a stop marker on a scale at the front of the spreader, which is well located and visible from the tractor cabin. But if the electrical system fails there is no means of - FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - Effective width (bout) m - Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass - Up-and-back g ppattern Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass opening the shutters from the cabin unless an optional hydraulic control is fitted. Spread width is set by altering the machine s angle of tilt (using the tractor s top link) and by altering the vane angle on the spinners. An angle meter at the front of the spreader helps set the tilt angle accurately. A headland function allows operation up to a fenceline and is engaged by the Calibrator Uniq monitor. Kondinin Group engineers said this machine was well constructed and finished but criticised the lack of safety guards at the rear and the sharp edges of the stainless steel deflector plates. In addition, the machine was unstable after it was removed from the tractor due to its small footprint. A dangerous situation could arise if the spreader were removed with a full bin of fertiliser. The fold-down ladder allowed convenient access to the bin and the roll tarp was easy use. Construction quality. Monitor. Spread width and accuracy. Fenceline function. Angle adjustment on linkage for spreading width. Unstable when off the tractor. No safety guard or railing. Manual over-ride is difficult. Bogballe Australia Phone: 7 Web site: www.bogballe.com. The manufacturer has viewed this report but did not provide a comment. FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Bredal K The Bredal K includes a density kit plus scales. A decal outlining operating instructions is attached to the bin. Centre: The drive ratio for the feed belt is changed by installing the shaft in one of three positions on the gearbox. Right: The rear gate handle is easy to use and operates on a large stainless steel quadrant with positional markings. Decals outlining rate setting are conveniently placed. Bredal s K model was the most expensive trailing spreader tested at $, but was also the star performer on the test track, recording the widest bout for lime and urea. The spreader recorded bout widths for lime of metres at a co-efficient of variance (CV) of. per cent for round-and-round passes and even better on up-and-back passes with FIGURE Distribution of lime - - Bout m - Distance (m) FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea......... - FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - Effective width (bout) m Effective width (bout) m - - a bout width of m at a CV of.% (see Figure ). It eclipsed all other spreaders for the maximum width urea test (see Figure ) to record an identical bout width of m at a CV of.% for both passes. The unit was just second to the Amazone ZA-M on the m di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure ) where it recorded a CV of.% at m for round-and-round and.% at m for up-and-back. Spinners are driven by a long shaft travelling under the spreader connected to the tractor s power take-off shaft. The ground-driven feed belt has three ratios selected by changing the position of a shaft at the rear of the machine. The ground-drive wheel is disengaged by a single-acting hydraulic ram and engaged by a large spring. The drive can engage accidentally if there is a slight leak in......... - - p Effective width (bout) m p Effective width (bout) m - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Accumulated Pass Pass Pass the hydraulic system such as a leaky valve or coupling, which occurred during testing. The rear gate is well designed and easy to open with a large lever and stainless steel quadrant. Product is directed to the centre of the spinners by an adjustable chute and baffles on the end of the feed belt aid product direction. The baffles must be removed to spread lime and the spinners need to be changed over. While the spinners are surrounded by a pipe guard, they remain exposed at the top due to their open design. High-volume products like lime use fourblade spinners as opposed to six-blade spinners for granular products. The spreader was well built and included a solid chassis and eye hitch, high flotation tyres, bin access ladder and a roll tarp. While most other components are well guarded, the unit lacks a platform for operators when changing the ground-drive shaft or accessing the tarpaulin tie-down points at the rear of the bin. The tyres are also too close to the guards, which could result in mud accumulating. No variable rate control package is offered, which is unfortunate as it will appeal to contractors and farmers. The monitor is VR-, GPS- and ISOBUS-compatible. Performance and construction quality. Density kit with scales. Bin access, roll tarp and high flotation tyres. Poor access to tarp tie-downs at the rear. Need to replace spinners for high volume. Single-acting drive ram can sink. Jorn Ib s machinery Phone: () Web site: www.bredal.com. The use of two sets of discs for granular or fine products resulted in the large spreading widths in this test. A tap fitted to the drive ram line prevents the wheel engaging during transport. FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Comspread Bulk Bin The electro-hydraulic manifold is situated inside a large box on the right side of the spreader, with an identical box on the opposite side for tools. But the doors require sealing to prevent dust build-up. Centre: A single hydraulic ram at the front of the bin enables partial tipping for cleaning or improved feeding. Right: The ribbed feed belt is driven by a hydraulic motor through a reduction gearbox, allowing an infinite variation in feed rate. As the only self-propelled fertiliser spreader evaluated the Comspread Bulk Bin was entirely hydraulically operated and performed well during testing. Mounted on a JCB Fastrac tractor, this trailling spreader performed well on urea and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figures and ), with its height advantage undoubtedly aiding its spread width. Bout width and co-efficient of variance (CV) for the DAP tests were metres and.% for both round-and-round and up-and-back travel directions. Maximum width testing with urea recorded a bout width of m and a CV of.% for round-and-round and m at.% for up-and-back passes. Spread tests using lime revealed a bout width of m for both directions but at an accurate CV FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP 7 - - Round-and-round p pattern Effective width (bout) m p Effective width (bout) m - - of.% for round-and-round and.% for up-and-back passes (see Figure ). The unit has a hydraulic feed belt drive, which enables a continuously variable feed rate independent of travel speed. An advantage of this system over the ground-drive feed belts is that product can be dumped out of the bin in a shed or paddock with the machine stationary. The feed belt was ribbed for improved feeding of lumpy products. The spinners are driven off twin hydraulic motors situated above the spinner assembly and out of the way of spilt product and dust build-up. Hydraulic lines and case drains from the spinner motors and feed belt drive are routed through an electro-hydraulic manifold situated in a box on the right rear side of the spreader. A large toolbox is fitted to the opposite side of 7 - - Up-and-back p pattern p Effective width (bout) m Up-and-back p pattern p Effective width (bout) m - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Accumulated Pass Pass Pass the machine. Doors on both boxes are not well sealed and tend to fill with dust. The hydraulic drive to all moving parts made for a simple, uncluttered machine with few service points. But no guard bar was fitted around the rear spinners. The rear door is opened manually and locked using a pin. While the bin is well constructed and fitted with a roll tarp, the ladder for bin access is optional. Kondinin Group engineers were impressed with the inclusion of a hydraulic ram at the front of the bin, which enabled it to be tipped back for cleaning. Six load cells under the bin are attached to a Pacific Scales readout in the cabin. While the Comspread monitor is basic, all information is available by scrolling through the menus. Set-up is straightforward. Fully variable hydraulic drive. Tipping bin. Ribbed feed belt. Ease of maintenance. Ladders are optional. Vanes are not adjustable and toolboxes do not seal. Lacks a rear guard bar over the spinners. Comspread Engineering Phone: () 7. Top job by the crew involved in testing. Thanks to Kondinin Group for letting Comspread participate. FIGURE Distribution of lime - - Bout m - Distance (m) FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Research Report Gason 77 The ground-drive unit on the Gason 77 has a convenient handle for calibration and also for cleaning the bin. The gearbox has three ratios, which are selected by a sliding rod on the inside of the unit opposite the wheel. Centre: This was the only fertiliser spreader tested with a feed chain. It is protected by a shear pin on the right drive shaft. Right: The unit is well constructed and includes welded steps inside and out. Gason s 77 trailling spreader was well built with a solid bin and frame and was the only unit tested equipped with a slat chain instead of the usual feed belt. Performance on the maximum width test with urea was pleasing, with a bout of metres for both pass directions. Co-efficient of variance (CV) was.7 per cent for round-and-round and.% for up-and-back (see Figure ). The maximum width di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure 7) were less reliable, with a vast difference in the bout between round-and-round (m at.%) and up-and-back (m at.%) passes. The spread pattern was heavy on the left, which was effectively evened out by travelling roundand-round, leading to the improved bout width. Lime tests were similar to many of the other machines tested, with m bouts for both round-and-round (CV of.%) and up-andback (CV of.%) passes (see Figure ). Drive for the feed chain is from a slatted steel wheel running on the right tyre. The ground-drive gearbox is fully enclosed and three ratios can be selected by sliding out a selector rod located in a tight spot against the bin wall. The ground-drive wheel is fitted with a crank handle to aid in calibration but it also helps to clean the bin while the machine is stationary. The unit can be locked out of the way so it does not hit the tyre during transport. A shear pin protects the feed chain should a foreign object enter the bin and wedge against the door. The feed chain would be effective for spreading clumpy product such as wet lime, manure and clumped FIGURE Distribution of lime Bout m - - - Distance (m) fertiliser but would probably require more maintenance than a belt. Kondinin Group engineers counted at least 7 grease nipples. The bin is well constructed and has welded steps both inside and outside. But cleaning is hampered by removable peaked baffles fitted to the forward section of the floor. The rear door is easy to open but has a fiddly locking pin. The spinners have fixed blades and replaceable plastic inserts. The unit is powered by twin hydraulic motors located under the spinners. These are unprotected from dust and loose product. A bar around the periphery of the spinners acts as a guard and the rear end is solidly constructed. While the manufacturer does not offer a monitor package, a digital display on the front wall of the bin provides operators with an instant check on spinner speed. FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea......... - Effective width (bout) m - Ground-drive gearbox. Solid bin and frame. Steps inside and out. Tachometer for the spinner. Multiple service points. Cleaning is difficult. Lightly built front-end chain sprocket. Gate lock is awkward to set. AF Gason Phone: () Web site: www.gason.com.au. The feed chain is self-aligning and self-adjusting and needs little maintenance. Minimal tension is required to maintain chain operation. Increasing spinner speed would increase bout width for a more even spread for DAP.......... - FIGURE 7 Results of spreading tests using DAP Effective width (bout) m - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass - p Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass p Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Grizzly GM The feed gate was opened and shut using hydraulics, a feature not found on other machines tested. The coloured rod extending above the top of the bin provided a visual indication of gate opening. Centre: The spinner assembly slides forward or backward along two rails to suit different products. Right: Feed belt drive was via a V-belt from the machine s axle and was engaged hydraulically using an idler pulley. As a low-cost belt spreader, the Grizzly GM six-tonne model is sure to appeal to farmers looking for a machine that is simple to operate. But it is not suitable for those seeking an accurate, wide-spreading machine. Maximum width tests with urea were low, with a bout width of metres at. per cent co-efficient of variance (CV) for round-andround and m at.7% for up-and-back passes (see Figure ). Both bout widths were no better for the di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests at m each at a CV of.% and.% for round-and-round and up-and-back passes respectively (see Figure ). Lime tests recorded a m bout at a CV of.% for round-and-round and m at.7% for up-and-back passes (see Figure ). FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea - Effective width (bout) m - The standard test speed of kilometres per hour had to be raised to km/h on this machine for testing because the limited calibration charts only catered for a km/h travel speed for all products. The spreader was the only unit fitted with a V-belt drive off the axle to power the feed belt, instead of the more common friction drive wheel which engages with the spreader tyre. The system worked effectively and when engaged uses another ram to open the feed gate automatically. Spinners were driven off individual hydraulic motors located under the discs but there was no way to judge their speed short of using a hand-held revolution counter. A solid bar provided protection for the spinners when reversing and also helped prevent inadvertent operator contact. - Up-and-back y ppattern Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP The small-diameter tyres and positioning of the axle toward the front of the spreader resulted in alarming bouncing of the unit when being transported empty. But the tow hitch eye was superior to many other machines tested which were fitted with deep tongues which tended to bottom out in the tractor drawbar. Kondinin Group engineers also felt the bin was lightweight and tended to flex when empty. While an external ladder and platform meant the bin was accessible, the bin lacked internal steps. Simple to use machine. Direct belt drive from axle. Hydraulic door. Tow hitch eye. Poor performance. Single speed (km/h) for calibration. Limited adjustments for rate. Unstable jack stand. Bounces when empty. Grizzly Engineering Phone: () Web site: www.grizzly-engineering.com.au. The manufacturer values the opinions from Kondinin Group. Changes have been made and options added to improve the machines in areas of concern based on this report and owner feedback. - Effective width (bout) m - - Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass FIGURE Distribution of lime Bout m 7 - - - Distance (m) FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Landaco TS While the ground clearance was excellent, there was a high step to reach the bin ladder. Centre: The feed belt drive consists of a friction wheel and enclosed chain drive. Drive ratio can be altered by swapping the friction wheel for one of a different diameter. Right: The spinner platform can slide forward or backward, depending on requirements. Spinners are driven hydraulically from two motors under the platform. Kondinin Group engineers were impressed with how the Landaco TS trailled machine performed when spreading di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and lime. To achieve a co-efficient of variance (CV) of less than per cent for maximum width urea tests (see Figure ), bout dropped to metres at.% (round-and-round) and m at.% (up-and-back). For DAP, bout was m at a CV of.% for round-and-round passes and m at.7% for up-and-back travel (see Figure ). This spreader had the second highest bout width for lime (see Figure ) at 7m for both round-and-round and up-and-back pass directions, recording a CV of.% and.7% respectively. The feed belt is driven through an enclosed chain-drive gearbox by a friction wheel FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - - Effective width (bout) m Effective width (bout) m - - contacting the spreader s tyre. The feed belt drive ratio is altered by fitting a different diameter drive wheel, three of which are supplied with the machine. Two hydraulic motors drive the spinners from beneath. The motors are protected in a steel casing. The entire spinner deck slides forward or backward, depending on the product being spread and the desired spread pattern. A strong rear bumper protects the spinners and prevents contact with the operator. Kondinin Group engineers gauged spinner speed on the model tested using the optional revolution counter. The solidly constructed bin had support ribs on the outside. While the machine had considerable ground clearance it meant operators had a large step to reach the ladder. - - Effective width (bout) m p Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass A quick-set rate chart is conveniently attached to the rear of the spreader to help with initial settings. A simple computer program available from the manufacturer can be used to determine the spread rate based on drive wheel diameter, product density, door height and spread width. A basic monitor to full global positioning system (GPS) guidance variable rate control are optional. Another novel option is a hydraulically driven auger which attaches to the rear of the spreader to convert it into a chaser bin or grouper. Solid construction. Strong rear bumper to protect spinners. Enclosed hydraulic motors under spinners. Two-year warranty. Ladder is high off the ground. Drive wheel change is needed for some rates and products. Landaco Phone: Web site: www.landaco.com.au. The unit used in trials was fitted with the standard multi-purpose spinner system; with optional spinner systems available for wider spread patterns. The simplicity and variable rate aspects of the ground drive are popular. Ladders are available, with a retro-fit second stage. FIGURE Distribution of lime Bout 7m - - - Distance (m) FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Lely Tulip Centerliner SX The calibration scale allows manual incremental selection of product rate. The Lely Tulip Centerliner SX was difficult to attach to the tractor due to the tight fit between the tractor wheels and the bin. Centre: An internal baffle prevents product from shifting in the bin. Right: The machine was fitted with cast-iron corner sections to the bin and a safety bar but does not have a ladder. The Lely Tulip Centerliner SX linkage-type fertiliser spreader scored accuracy results on a par with most machines tested. With the lighter urea product, the maximum width test gave a bout of metres for both round-and-round (co-efficient of variance (CV) of. per cent) and up-and-back (.% CV) passes (see Figure ). Under maximum width di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure ), this spreader achieved a bout width of m in both round-and-round (.% CV) and up-and-back (.% CV) directions. FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea 7 - Round-and-round y pattern Effective width (bout) m - Rates can be adjusted by inserting a locking pin in the calibration scale on the left of the spreader after determining the application rate with the fertiliser screening box supplied with the machine. Electric rate and shutter control is available with the Centronic II monitor. A load cell is optional for automated calibration. Shutters are opened and closed by a hydraulic ram. Spread width is controlled by spinner speed, which can be altered by changing the power take-off (PTO) speed or by exchanging the gear set in the gearbox at the rear of 7 - FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - Effective width (bout) m - Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass - Up-and-back y p pattern Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass the spreader. The gear set also allows the spreader to be set up for revolutions per minute, 7rpm or rpm PTO input speeds or to lower tractor engine speed to save fuel. But any gear sets need to be bought separately. Six gear sets provide ratios (from.: to.:). While a comprehensive rate chart is supplied with the unit, it only caters for selected combinations of working widths and travel speeds. The machine included a fertiliser screening box to gauge product quality when setting rates. It is also equipped with a hydraulic ram on the left, which can tilt the unit laterally for headland operations. The bin is well made and features cast-iron corner sections and an internal baffle to stop product from shifting. While a solid safety bar and trailer tow hitch are fitted, the unit does not have a ladder. Solid and robust construction. Solid safety bar. Baffle fitted to bin. Tilt-fence function. No ladder fitted. Calibration is difficult. Difficult to attach to tractor. Lely Australia Phone: () Web site: www.lely.com.au. The unit can be mounted close to the tractor to have the centre of gravity and weight of the spreader as close as possible to the tractor. This allows a higher capacity spreader to be used on smaller tractors. FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Research Report Marshall T While guards over other moving parts are more than adequate, the bar around the belt-driven spinners needs to be larger. Centre: The bin access ladder is well-designed and has a small platform with railings at the top. Right: The jack stand is solid but the handle hangs down where it could be damaged. The construction quality of the Marshall T trailled spreader was immediately apparent from manufacturer Roesner s finish and attention to detail. The machine performed well in urea tests, scoring a co-efficient of variance of. per cent at a -metre bout width for round-andround passes and.% at m bout for up-and-back passes (see Figure 7). But bout width dropped to m at a CV of.% (round-and-round) and m at.% (up-andback) for the maximum width di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure ). When spreading lime, tests revealed a lopsided pattern (see Figure ). While upand-back passes recorded a bout width of m at a CV of.% due to the heavy and light sides being spread over each other, roundand-round passes could be made at a bout of 7m with a CV of.% as the light side of the FIGURE 7 Results of spreading tests using urea - Effective width (bout) m - spread pattern was compensated by the heavier side on the next pass. Drive from the tractor s power take-off (PTO) shaft is directed down the side of the bin by a V-belt drive and long shaft. Spinners are driven by a double-sided V-belt, which is twisted around an idler pulley. All components are well guarded. While the unit tested did not have a monitor, spinner speed is easier to gauge than on hydraulically driven spinner models as it is proportional to the tractor s PTO speed. A pneumatic tyre contacting the spreader tyre on the left drives the feed belt. The wheel is engaged by a hydraulic ram near the front of the spreader, acting through a chain and steel cable to the wheel toward the rear. While this arrangement shortens the length of hydraulic - FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - Effective width (bout) m p Effective width (bout) m - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Up-and-back ppattern Effective width (bout) m - - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass hose required, it is an untidy solution on an otherwise well-designed machined. Drive from the wheel to the feed belt is via a chain and sprocket, allowing four drive ratios to be selected by changing the chain s position. The feed belt is not an endless, glued belt as on other spreaders but is thinner and secured to a solid chain backing. This provides positive drive through the use of a toothed drive sprocket and roller. The bin is robust, internally braced, accessible and has a well-designed ladder and platform at the front. The bin has an internal step. Safety decals are well positioned but the rear bumper guard needs to be larger to cover the spinners fully. Construction quality. Well-designed ladder. Pneumatic drive wheel. Drive wheel engagement system. Drawbar tongue is too deep. Rear guard needs to be larger. Roesners Phone: Web site: www.roesner.com.au. The manufacturer s own spread tests indicate a better result for WA-sourced DAP and lime. But given the time constraints during Kondinin Group testing the manufacturer was unable to make fine adjustments to suit the products on hand. FIGURE Distribution of lime 7 - - Bout 7m - Distance (m) FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August

Vicon RS-XL The Vicon RS-XL spreader features stainless steel spinners and guards. Centre: Spinner speed can be modified by changing a gear set at the rear of the machine, similar to the Tulip model tested. Right: The vanes can be detached easily by removing the R-clips. But the vanes overhang the spinner discs and are not guarded. The spreading accuracy and construction quality of the Vicon RS-XL were obvious during assessment. This linkage-type spreader recorded co-efficient of variances (CV) of. per cent (round-and-round passes) and.7% (up-andback) for identical bout widths of metres for urea spreading tests (see Figure ). It recorded a bout width of m during the m di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) tests (see Figure ) at excellent CVs of.% for round and round and.% for up and back. While the RS-XL unit is manually controlled, the RS-EDW model has many of the same specifications and is fitted with load cells and the standard Focus or ISOBUScompatible Tellus monitor. Rates are set by either an electric actuator controlled by the FIGURE Results of spreading tests using urea........ - - Effective width (bout) m Effective width (bout) m - - Tellus monitor (RS-EDW) or manually using a lever at the rear of the machine as tested. Rates can be set independently for each spinner and shutters are opened by hydraulics. Calibration can be checked manually by removing the vanes from one spinner and fitting a collection spout to direct the product into a bag or bucket. An optional deflector plate caters for headland or fenceline spreading or this function can be operated by a hydraulic lateral tilt cylinder (similar to the Lely Tulip). Drive to one spinner can be disconnected from the rear. Working width is controlled by spinner speed, which can be changed by altering the power take-off (PTO) speed or by a gear set in the gearbox at the rear of the spreader. Change gears catering for revolutions per minute or rpm PTO speeds are available (free)......... - FIGURE Results of spreading tests using DAP - Effective width (bout) m Effective width (bout) m - - Accumulated Pass Pass Pass Accumulated Pass Pass Pass As with other linkage spreaders tested, this unit was well constructed and finished, featuring stainless steel spinners and guards. The bin was solidly built and was fitted with peaked sieves, which allowed more screening area. Graduations were marked on the rear inside surface of the bin, allowing operators to check remaining product quickly. The stainless steel vanes are easy to remove for calibration or replacement but hang out of the spinner disc and are largely unprotected. The spreader lacks a safety guard and ladders. Accuracy. Solid internal peaked mesh grilles. Stainless steel metering, plate and vanes. ISOBUS options. Minimal protection under the gearbox and driveshafts. Lacks Australian fertiliser calibration charts. Lacks rear guards. Kverneland Phone: () Web site: www.kvernelandgroup.com.au. Different settings could be required as fertiliser properties vary. Spreading charts and a fertiliser size test box are available. Acknowledgements Russell Nichol, Australian Fertiliser Services Association; New Holland; Hi-Fert: Great Southern Motors, Dallas Andrew, Longford, Victoria; Ben Beck, Gillian Walton, Wagga Wagga, NSW; Ben White, Fleur Muller and Toni Nugent, Kondinin Group. Report authors Josh Giumelli (top) and Tim Andrew (below) are engineers and writers for Farming Ahead. Email: josh@kondinin.com.au tim@kondinin.com.au FARMING AHEAD No. 7 August