Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Rajeswari Chandrasekaran, Ph.D. from Energy Storage, Materials & Strategy Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI-48124. presented at Mathematical Modeling in Industry XVII, A Workshop for Graduate Students, Institute for Mathematics and its Applications. August 07-16, 2013, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. rchand35@ford.com
Ford s Electrified Vehicles Line-up Fusion Focus C-MAX Lincoln MKZ
Multi-Scale, Multi-Physics Modeling CELL TO BATTERY PACK http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_battery_cells Cells can be cylindrical, pouch prismatic or hard can prismatic
Necessary EV Battery Technology Evolution 1 st Gen EV Battery 23 kwh 300 kg/661 lbs 275 liters 2 nd Gen EV Battery 23 kwh 235 kg/518 lbs 215 liters Future EV Battery 23 kwh 180 kg/396 lbs 160 liters 4 kegs = 234 liters Goal: Fuel Tank eq. 23 kwh 55 kg/121 lbs 60 liters Slide Courtesy: Andy Drews & Ted Miller Presented at Battery Congress, 2013
Department Research Activities Modeling Unit Cell Sandwich Cell and Pack Experiments Evaluation (including Degradation Studies) of Supplier & Next-Gen Battery Materials Characterization (X-Ray, Raman) Battery Test Lab External Research Alliances USABC, NHTSA, ARPA-E University Research Projects and Alliances
CELL SANDWICH MODELING
Continuum Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cell Sandwich Current Collector Legend: Composite Negative Electrode Separator Composite Positive Electrode Current Collector L n L s L p z=0 z=l Negative electrode active material (secondary particle) OCP of graphite (Volts vs. Li/Li + ref.) y in Li y (Ni a Co b Mn c )O 2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 3.0 Graphite (Li x C 6 ) 4.4 2.5 Li y (Ni a Co b Mn c )O 2 2.0 4.2 1.5 4.0 1.0 3.8 0.5 3.6 OCP of Li y (Ni a Co b Mn c )O 2 (Volts vs. Li/Li + ref.) Positive electrode active material (secondary particle) Binder Carbon additive Pores filled by electrolyte 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 x in Li x C 6 R. Chandrasekaran et al., Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1541, 2013 DOI: 10.1557/opl.2013.721
Continuum Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cell Sandwich During discharge Load e - Composite Negative Electrode Separator Composite Positive Electrode Current Collector Li + Current Collector Legend: z=0 z=l L n L s L p Negative electrode active material (secondary particle) Positive electrode active material (secondary particle) Binder Carbon additive Pores filled by electrolyte Blue arrows: discharge direction Pink arrows: over potential
Continuum Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cell Sandwich During discharge e - Current Collector Legend: Composite Negative Electrode z=0 z=l L n Separator L s Composite Positive Electrode L p Negative electrode active material (secondary particle) Positive electrode active material (secondary particle) Binder Carbon additive Pores filled by electrolyte Load Li + Current Collector Possible limitations Thermodynamic OCV limitations Electronic resistance Positive Negative Ionic resistance & Concentration overpotential Positive Negative Separator Charge transfer resistance Positive Negative Solid phase diffusion limitations (within particle) Positive Negative
Bottlenecks to Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion-Insertion Cells for Electric Vehicles R. Chandrasekaran, Abstract # 1168, 224 th ECS Meeting, 2013.
Simulation of Galvanostatic Discharge of the Li x C 6 /Liquid Electrolyte/Li y (Ni a Co b Mn c )O 2 Cell Salt depletion: difficult to get from experiments Ref: R. Chandrasekaran et al., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 1541, 2013. Electrolyte concentration profiles @ 5C discharge rate (legend: time in sec)
WORKSHOP PROJECT INTRODUCTION
Team # 4: Student Members Arlin Alvarado Hernandez, University of Puerto Rico Guanglian Li, Texas A & M University Sylvia Nguyen, University of Guelph Fouche Smith, University of Kentucky Timur Takhtaganov, Rice University
Project Scope Initial Performance & Optimization; Guide Electrode and Cell Design Modeling Life & Safety Estimation of Properties (If time permits)
Performance Analysis & Electrode Design Type of Vehicle Energy of the pack (e.g.) HEV 0.3-0.5 kwh PHEV 3.4-11.6 kwh EV 23 kwh-40 kwh Please refer to USABC website for detailed goals!
Aging of Lithium-Ion Cells Arora and White, JES, 1998.
Aging of Lithium-Ion Cells Arora and White, JES, 1998.
Dendrite Growth in Lithium Metal Anodes Ref: M. Winter, Symposium on Large Lithium Ion Battery Technology and Application (AABC-06), Tutorial B, Baltimore, May 15, 2006)
Acknowledgements Andy Drews, Ted Miller, Kent Snyder, Chul Bae & the rest of the department from Ford Motor Company