INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES AND COMBUSTION Proceedings of the XIII National Conference on LC. Engines and Combustion Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore January 18-20, 1994 EDITOR B.N. RAGHUNANDAN UNIVERSITATSBiBUOTHEK HANNOVER TECHNISCHE INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK m TATA McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED New Delhi McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi NewYork St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Guatemala Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal Panama Paris San Juan SSo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
CONTENTS Preface v SECTION I: INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Emissions/Fuel Conservation 1. Fuel Injection Concepts for HD Diesel Engines to meet Stringent Emission Regulations G. Lemperle 1 2. Effect of Methanol Blends on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Three Cylinder Passenger Car Engine D.S. Khatri, A. Ramesh and MX. Gajendra Babu 8 3. Control of N0 and Smoke in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine using Methanol- Diesel Emulsion as a Fuel N. Nedunchezhian, K. Balagurunathan, P.S. Rao and V. Ganesan 14 4. Effect of Ignition Energy on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engine S. Dhandapani, B. Nagalingam and K.V. Gopalakrishnan 24 5. A Comparative Study of the Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Diesel and Vegetable Oil Operation in a Single Cylinder Low Heat Rejection Research Engine S. Jabez Dhinagar, B.N. Nagalingam and K.V. Gopalakrishnan 30 6. Regulating Basic Operating Parameters An Approach Conservation towards Diesel B.N. Jajoo, B.P. Tale and KM. Watt 36 7. Swirl Improvement in Direct Injection Diesel Engines for Control of NOx Emissions S. Sivakumar, V. Manivannan, G. Balamurugan and K. Balagurunathan Alternative Fuels 8. Performance of a Natural Gas Dual Fuel Operation of a Stationary Dl Engine P.K. Banerjee, P.P. Kamat, G.S. Khairnar, H.V. Vinod and P.P. Parikh 48 9. Plant oil as Diesel Engine Fuel K. C. Sinhai and A. Rehman 55 10. Cyclic Variations and Irregular Combustion in Methanol Operated Two-Stroke S.I. Engine Mathew Abraham and M.L Sharma 63 vii
11. Knock Suppression in Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-fuel Engines G.P. Prabhu Kumar 70 12. Experimental Studies on Hydrogen Fueled Multicylinder SI Engine T. Arumai Salin Milton anda.n. Rao 78 13. Studies on Diesel and Gasoline Vehicles Converted to Run on CNG as Supplementary Fuel J. Sharma, A.K. Aigal and K.K. Gandhi 82 14. CNG Operation of an Existing Automotive SI Engine Performance Evaluation G.C. Khairnar, P.P. Karnat, P.K. Banerjee, H. V. Vinod and P.P. Parikh 89 15. Fumigation of Methanol in a Single Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine N. Nedunchezhian, R. Subramanian, R. Venkatachalam and A. Balasubramanian 97 16. Natural Gas Powered Automotive CI and SI Engines A Review R. V. Seeniraj, G. Siva Kumar, C. Subramanian and G. Nagarajan 104 17. Alternative Fuels for Semi Adiabatic Engine S. Jayaraj and Subramaniyam 111 Engine Components/Design 18. A Dual Intake System for Two Wheeler Application for Reduction in Fuel Consumption and Emissions Mukesh Saxena 120 19. Turbocharging a Diesel Engine with Ejector System at Exhaust S.K. Dalai, C.L. Dhamejani, M.V. Subba Rao and R.K. Joshi 127 20. Petroleum Based Lubricating Oil for Methanol Fumigated Diesel Engines A Study R.K. Sharma 136 21. Investigation of Fuel Injection Hydraulics for Conventional and Alternate Fuels K.K. Ramalingam, K. Vijayan, P. Tamilporai and S. Malyadri 143 22. Performance Improvement of Two-Stroke Engine with a Modified Scavenging System M. Makendhiran, E. Raja Sekar, S. Subramaniyam, P. Tamilporai and K.K. Ramalingam 151 Mathematical Simulation 23. Modelling of Intake Port Swirl Pramod S. Mehta and Abhay Chaturvedi 157 24. Swirl Ratio Influence on the Flow Field in a Compression Ignition Engine A Numerical Study and Experimental Comparison D. Mohan Krishna and V. Ganesan 164 25. Dual Injector Direct Injection Diesel Engine A Thermodynamic Simulation Model Md. Rafiqul Islam, J.P. Subrahmanyam and M.K. Gajendra Babu 169 viii
26. A Computational Study on Heat Release Rates with Single and Dual Spark Plug S.R. Deshpande and Harish Chandra 177 27. A Flow Based Convective Heat Transfer Model for a Direct Injection Diesel Engine N. Marouf Wani, M.K. Gajendra Babu 181 28. Modeling of Transient Spray Mixing Process in Diesel Engine Combustion Chamber G. Lionel Christopher, M.C. Ramaswamy and Pramod S. Mehta 188 Engine Combustion and Performance 29. Performance of a Two-Stroke SI Engine with High Engine Ignition System P. Ramesh Babu, B. Nagalingam and K V. Gopalakrishnan 198 30. Air Flow Visualization in the Cylinder of Two Stroke Engines Dinesh Kumar, B.P. Pundir and P.S. Mehta 207 31. Scavenging Flow and Its Effect on Cyclic Variations and Irregular Combustion in Two Stroke SI Engines Mathew Abraham, M.I. Sharma and Satya Prakash 214 32. Performance Analysis of a Two-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine with In-Cylinder Petrol Injection G.E. Yathishchandran, Anil Kumar, V. Tumbal, Ranapratap Reddy and B.S. Samaga 222 33. Experimental Investigation on Lean Burning in SI Engine (using Fireball Combustion Chamber) S. Chandrasekaran, K.K. Ramalingam and V. Senthilmurugan 228 34. Diesel Fuel Cetane Number Effects on Engine Performance and Emissions S.K. Singhal, Laxminarayan and B.P. Pundir 235 35. Performance of Diesel Engine with Compound Cooling F. G. Kadoli and Krishna Murthy 241 SECTION II: COMBUSTION AND PROPULSION Flames and Flame Propagation 36. Measurement of Burning Velocity Near the Limits of Inflammability by Zero-Gravity Method S. Okajima 247 37. Computational Studies on the Flame Propagation in Producer Gas Air Mixture and Experimental Comparisons D.P. Mishra, P.J. Paul and H.S. Mukunda 256 38. Direct Simulation of Mixing and Reaction in Circular Jets Joseph Mathew andamit J. Basu 263 39. Effect of Initial Pressure and Temperature on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane Air Mixture P.K. Bose, S. Mitra and S.P. Sharma 270 ix
40. Computational Studies of the Ambient Parameters on Stretched HrAir Premixed Flames with Detailed Kinetics D.P. Mishra, P.J. Paul and H.S. Mukunda 277 41. Flame Propagation in Benzene, Nitrous Oxide and Nitrogen System U.C. Durgapal, D. Thomas and V. Ramanujachari 284 42. Unified Correlations for Prediction of Turbulent Burning Velocity Data G. Ramachandran and U.S.P. Shet 288 Propulsion 43. Flow Computations in a Practical Gas Turbine Combustor T.R. ShembharkarandB.R. Pai 295 44. Numerical Study of Gas Turbine Combustor Flows R. Gopinath and V. Ganesan 303 45. Modelling and Simulation of Diesel Engine Controllable Pitch Propeller Propulsion System for Performance Evaluation M. Raghunandan and D.S. Ranganath 312 46. Sensitivity Analysis of Two-phase Turbulent Round Jet Flows V. Ramanujachari and R. Natarajan 321 47. Impact of Aircraft Engine Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone: A Computational Investigation S. Parthiban, R. Sumathi and B.N. Raghunandan 330 48. Combustion Studies on Metallized Composite and Composite Modified Double Base Propellants B.K. Athavale, S.N. Asthana, P.G. Shrotri andharidwar Singh 338 49. Flame Spread Over a Propellant Surface with a Backward Step J. Jaganathan and B.N. Raghunandan 346 50. Static Pressure and Mean Velocity Distributions Inside a Two-dimensional Model of the Secondary Combustor of an Integrated Rocket Ramjet S. Sankaran, R. Natarajan and B.H.L Gowda 352 51. Experimental Investigation of the Influence of the Operating Conditions on the Combustion Efficiency of Space-Craft Liquid Apogee Motor M. Jayaraman, U.P. Kamath, K.L Valliappan and A.E. Muthunayagam 359 52. Development of Dump Diffuser System for Gas Turbine Combustor P.K. Pandey, M.N. Bhat andp.s. Ramanujam 368 Fuel Spray/Droplets 53. Numerical Study of Interference Effects in Binary Spher.e Systems under Forced Convection Conditions M.S. Balaraju, K.N. Seetharamu and R. Natarajan 377 54. Droplet Ignition and Combustion including Liquid-Phase Heating N. Shaygan and S. Prakash 388 X
55. Experimental Investigation of Drop-Size Distribution for Air Motion Deflected Diesel Spray A.K. Aigal, S.K. Singal and B.P. Pundir 400 56. Atomization of Sheets and Jets Formed in Liquid Propellant Rocket Injectors K. Ramamurthi 407 57. Experimental Investigation of Interference Effects during Combustion in Binary Sphere Systems Arranged in Side-by-Side Configuration S. Thamilarasan, B.H.L. Gowda and R. Natarajan 416 Industrial and Domestic Combustion Systems 58. Some Important Considerations in the Combustion of Indian Fuel Oils K.S. Kambo, T.N. Singh and P.N. Bhambi 425 59. Combustion of Liquid Petroleum Gas and Coal in a Circulating Fluidized Bed P. K. Nag and B. V. Reddy 434 60. Performance Study of IIP Film Burner with Preheated Air A Case Study H.K. Madan, Dhani Ram, A.L Arora and P.N. Bhambi 440 61. Better Economy through Energy Saving in Billet Reheating Furnances T.N. Singh, K.M. Agarwal and S.K. Khanna 447 SECTION III: PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE SPECIAL SESSION IN HONOUR OF Prof. M.V. NARASIMHAN 62. Silencing of Internal Combustion Engine An Overview M.L Munjal 453 63. Multidimensional Modeling of Uniflow Scavenging in Two-Stroke Engines M.R. Ravi and A. G. Marathe 462 64. Towards CAD of Crankshaft U. Shrinivasa, D.N. Venkatesh and V. Prakash 471 65. Modeling Reciprocating Parts and Connecting Rod for Crankshaft Coupled Vibration Analysis S. Rajendran 478 66. Influence of Reciprocating Parts and Connecting Rod on Coupled Free Vibration of Crankshaft S. Rajendran 488 67. Effect of Bends on Gas Flow through Manifolds Caleb David, A.S. Subramanian and M.V. Narasimhan 503 68. Effects of Bends in Diesel Engine Manifolds Caleb David, A.S. Subramanian and M.V. Narasimhan 511 69. An Experimental Investigation on Mixture Preparation in the Induction System of S.I. Engines: Two Throttling Methods Hakim A. Abbas and N. Raman 518 xi
70. A New Throttling Method for Improvement of Engine Performance and Fuel Economy Hakim A. Abbas and N. Raman 528 71. Comparative Evaluation of Numerical Schemes used for Solutions of the Characteristic Equations: A Case Study M.N. Kumar and V.H.Gupta 537 72. Influence of Some Fuel Injection Parameters on Gaseous Emissions of Dl Diesel Engines Caleb David, S. Bhattacharya and V. V. Zambare 543 73. Utilisation of Cotton Seed Oil in a Diesel Engine K.R. Babu, P. Ramesh Babu and K.V. Reddy 552 Author Index 559 xii