Distributed Energy Storage & More, Professor Colorado School of Mines psen@mines.edu 1
Energy and Electricity 2
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Energy Used (Billion kwh) 4,500 4,000 Ref : EIA-Annual Energy Review 2011, Sept. 2012 4,000TWh 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Year 3
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Generation Capacity (MW) 1,200,000 1,000,000 U.S. Generation Capacity and Electrical Energy Usage Ref : EIA-Annual Energy Review 2011, Sept. 2012 Wind / Solar Gas Turbine 7.00 1.2TW 6.00 800,000 600,000 400,000 Gen. Capacity Energy Used 4,000TWh 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 Energy Used (Billion MWh) 200,000 1.00 0 0.00 Year 4
MW (Unit Size) Technological Improvements: Generation 20 th Century: Larger (the Better ) Units are more Efficient - Produce Cheaper Electricity. Central Power Plants 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 PV s 60 MW (CC) 600 MW (Coal) 1903 1928 1953 1960 1965 1972 1300 MW(Nuclear) Generator Ratings (typical) Large Wind Farm. 2015 5
Technological Improvements: Transmission Higher Voltage Reduces Losses, it is cheaper to transmit electricity long distances. Interconnection for Reliability, Resource Sharing and Cost Minimization 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 287 kv 500 kv 1912 1930 1936 1953 1964 1965 765 kv Transmission Line Voltages - kv 2015?? 6
2000 Today!!!!!! 7
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Primary Energy Consumption in the U.S. in 2010 Natural Gas 5.06 Q => R 3.28 Q => C 8.11 Q => I 4.95 Q R 98 Quads 40 Quads 12.9 Quads 4.54 Q C Total Energy Electricity Input Petroleum Electricity output 3.28 Q 1.22 Q => R 0.71 Q => C 8.01 Q => I I End Use 9
20% by 2020 25% by 2025 30% by 2030 10
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In 2014, the United States generated about 4,093 billion kilowatthours of electricity. 1 About 67% of the electricity generated was from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum). Major energy sources and percent share of total U.S. electricity generation in 2014: Coal = 39% Natural gas = 27% Nuclear = 19% Hydropower = 6% Other renewables = 7% Biomass = 1.7% Geothermal = 0.4% Solar = 0.4% Wind = 4.4% Petroleum = 1% Other gases < 1% 12 PSerc, Sumer Workshop, 2015
YEARLY LOAD PROFILE (USA) Peak Capacity 15 % Reserve Margin Source: GridPoint AVERAGE SYSTEM CAPACIT Y 13 Dr., PE, Fellow IEEEE
LOAD DURATION CURVE (LDC) Source: GridPoint HOURS 14 Dr., PE, Fellow IEEEE
15 Similar Information as the Load Cycle, except Plotted in MW (Power) Descending Order. Load Classification Base Intermediate Peak L o a d (MW) Peak Load Average Load Intermediate Load Base Load 8,760 ----- Hour Annual Load Duration Curve
Elements of Power System Source Systems LOAD 16
Debate Continues!! Large vs. $$ Small 17
Energy Storage Diagram Storage Systems Electrical Distribution Applications Large Scale (Power) Grid Applications Transportation Batteries Flywheel Ultracapacitor Backup (Emergency) Power Applications Batteries Compressed Air in Vessels Flywheel (FESS) Hybrid Systems (PV/Wind/Storage) Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitor Pumped Hydroelectric Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Storage(CSP) Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)?? 18
Coal Hydroelectric (Conventional) Natural Gas Nuclear Other Gases Petroleum Generator Generator s s Generators and Reserve Margin Reserve Margin for Grid Regulation Transmission and Sub Transmission Grid Distribution Grid Energy Storage Systems Large Scale Energy Storage Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)?? Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Pumped Hydroelectric Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Storage Conventional/Renewable Biomass Geothermal Natural Gas Petroleum Wood Wind and Solar Industrial and Commercial Loads Batteries (BESS) Compressed Air in Vessels Flywheel (FESS) Hybrid Systems (PV, Wind, Diesel, Gas, Battery) Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitor Residential Loads Batteries Thermal Energy Storage Ultracapacitors Distributed/ Dispersed Generation 19
Selected Research Problems!! Optimum Location and Size of the Storage Cost Effectiveness and Business Case Integration of Storage in Advanced Distribution Management Systems Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Grid How do we maintain the Power Quality? Small Cost Effective Energy Storage for Residential Application Real-Time Testing and Performance Evaluation 20
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