Truck Drayage Metrics

Truck Drayage Metrics Frank Harder The Group, Inc. AAPA/EDF Environmental Performance Metrics Workshop October 10, 2012 www.tiogagroup.com/215-557-2142

Key Questions and Answers Key questions Where are the drayage bottlenecks and delays? How do we measure them? How do we evaluate solutions? Answers Congestion and exceptions cause most delays The bottlenecks are in the terminal gate, container yard, and chassis pool Terminal, trucker, and wencam data provide metrics EPA s SmartWay DrayFLEET model is the key evaluation tool 2

Example Hooking Up a Chassis Can we save an average of 2.4 minutes? For 6 million annual chassis hook-ups at LALB marine terminals, that s $4.6 million, 100 CY parking slots, 12 tons of NOx, and 1053 tons of CO 2 Hooking Up Chassis - Current Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 45% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 5% Weighted Average 21.7 100% Hooking Up Chassis - Improved Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 48% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 2% Weighted Average 19.3 100% NOTE - TIMES STRICTLY FOR ILLUSTRATION 3

Marine Terminal Data Available marine terminal data Volume Transaction characteristics Gate times Trouble tickets Metrics from available data Turn times and distribution - by terminal condition, time, or transaction characteristic Peaking daily, weekly, seasonally Trouble ticket rates by driver, ocean carrier, or marine carrier Chassis selection time 4

Turn Time Minutes Terminal Congestion Terminal data (which exclude ingate queues) show a strong increase in turn times above 1100 daily trips 100.0 90.0 Import Deliveries vs. Non-Trouble Turn Time - 2008 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 Daily Import Volume 5

Data on Exceptions Exceptions trouble tickets appear to be chiefly process and information issues TROUBLE TICKETS Booking size/type required Container number unknown Booking not on File Booking tally reached Bill of Lading held by line operator: Empty to yard position EMPTY Container Not Allowed 2008 2007 New empty to be ON-HIRED New FULL Container not allowed Must Be on Hired No load receipt for containers until %S. Trucker Contract with line Expired New BARE CHASSIS not allowed 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 6

Motor Carrier Data Available motor carrier data GPS/AVL Data Dispatch practices Survey results Metrics from available data Turn times and distribution including queue time outside gate Understanding of dispatch patterns Corroboration of findings from other data 7

Percent of Trips Total Turn Times GPS Data 30-90 minute norm with a 5% tail of exceptions 20% 18% 16% 14% Example Terminal Turn Time Port-wide Trucker Turn Time 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% GPS data show added queue time avg. around 20 min. 5% of the moves use 14% of the total time and back up the queue 0% 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 90-105 105-120 120-135 135-150 150-165 165-180 180-195 195-210 210-225 225-240 240-255 255-270 270-285 285-300 Time Interval - Minutes 8

Total Turn Times GPS Data 9

Webcam Data Available webcam data Length of queues outside the gates Time at gates Metrics from available data Queuing times queue time outside gate Gate processing times Impact of gate closures Corroboration of findings from other data 10

Vancouver Webcam Example 11

16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 Average Congestion Level For Each Time Slot (Sorted by Day) CONGESTION LEVEL 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 Gate Queues Webcam Data Long queues in the mornings and for export cut-offs late in the week Not Vancouver Data 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Level 0 - an open lane exists, no wait Level 1-1 to 3 trucks in line, 0-15 min. wait Level 2-4 to 6 trucks in line, 15-30 min. wait Level 3 - end of line not visible, 30+ min. wait MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Time Slot (Monday to Friday) 12

What does it cost? Drayage delays are costing $200 million, 14.5 million hours, and 10 million gallons of fuel annually, and emitting 111,000 tons of CO 2, 979 tons of NOx, and 18 tons of PM2.5. Scenario Hours Fuel C02 NOx PM 2.5 Cost (million) (million gal.) (tons) (tons) (tons) (million) 2008 National Default 39.10 69.90 782,613 7,678 149 $ 1,440.00 30 vs. 40 Minute Terminal Time (3.17) (1.40) (15,652) (160) (3) $ (79) Change -8.10% -2.00% -2.00% -2.09% -1.93% -5.50% 10 vs. 20 Minute Queue Time (2.66) (1.96) (21,913) (225) (4) $ (69) Change -6.80% -2.80% -2.80% -2.93% -2.71% -4.80% 3% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.31) (0.15) (1,632) (17) (0) $ (8) Change -0.80% -0.20% -0.20% -0.22% -0.20% -0.50% 0% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) $ (20) Change -2.00% -0.50% -0.50% -0.55% -0.51% -1.40% Idling Control - 50% - (5.87) (65,739) (450) (8) $ (17) Change 0.00% -8.40% -8.40% -5.87% -5.44% -1.20% 100% vs. 20% Neutral Pools (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) $ (20) Change -2.00% -0.50% -0.50% -0.55% -0.51% -1.40% Trucker-Supplied Chassis (6.10) (4.40) (49,305) (503) (9) $ (137) Change -15.60% -6.30% -6.30% -6.56% -6.07% -9.50% Combined Strategies (14.50) (9.93) (111,050) (979) (18) $ (202) Change -37.08% -14.21% -14.19% -12.75% -11.82% -14.01% 13

EPA DrayFLEET Modeling Develop a planning-level emissions and drayage activity model that depicts drayage activity in terms of VMT Emissions Cost Throughput COMPATIBILITY WITH FLEET MODEL, REALISM FOR INDUSTRY CONFIDENCE Reflect the impact of changing management practices, terminal operations, and cargo volume, including Extended gate hours DETAILED, Appointment systems ACTIVITY-BASED Chassis pools MODEL WITH FLEXIBLE INPUTS Virtual container yards Near-dock or on-dock rail terminals Truck retirement/rebuild/replacement programs 14

DrayFLEET Inputs & Outputs SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Generic Port Terminal(s) Non-specific Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 2010 Scenario Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000 BETA Version for evaluation Only Average TEU per Container KEY 1.75 PORT AND 1.75 This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote Inbound Share TERMINAL 50% 50% Inbound Empty Share 5% 5% INPUTS Outbound Empty Share 25% 25% Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25% Marine Terminals Date 1/18/2012 Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 15 15 Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,436,570 2,436,570 0 0.0% Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0% Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 54,510,587 54,510,587 0 0.0% Container/Chassis Depots CUSTOMER & Drayage VMT per Container 47.7 47.7 0.0 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port COST 2DATA 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,444 1,444 0 0.0% Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals ACTIVITY Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,865,911 1,865,911 0 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 736,931 736,931 0 0.0% Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 478,276 478,276 0 0.0% Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,199,466 1,199,466 0 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,280,584 4,280,584 0 0.0% Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.7 3.7 0.0 0.0% Cost Factors Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 3.25 $ 3.25 Pollutant (annual tons) Initiative Inputs Default HC 93.7 93.7-0.0% Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 448.1 448.1-0.0% Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1,483.6 1,483.6 EMISSIONS - 0.0% On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM 2.5 101.9 101.9-0.0% Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) MANAGEMENT 0% 0% CO 2 184,986.8 184,986.8-0.0% Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost STRATEGIES Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 17,932,147 17,932,147-0.0% Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost $ 187,470,331 $ 187,470,331 COST $ & FUEL - 0.0% Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 164 $ 164 $ - 0.0% 15

Example: Terminal Gate Initiatives 1.0 to 3.7% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario Port Seattle 2010 "Rough Guess" Port Terminal(s) All Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010 2010 Scenario No pre-2004 Trucks Annual TEU 1,835,575 1,835,575 80% Automated Gates CREATE 2010 Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75 80% IT Inbound Share 50% 50% PORT DEFAULT 50% Neutral Pool Inbound Empty Share 2% 2.2% Outbound Empty Share 39% 39% BETA Version for evaluation Only Rail Intermodal Share 50% 50% This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote Marine Terminals Date 1/18/2012 Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 15 15 Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30 Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 1,945,060 1,945,060 0 0.0% Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0% Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,950,006 273,788 0.8% Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 34.0 34.3 0.3 0.8% Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1,111 73 7.0% Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals SEE THE Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,367,557 1,429,163 61,606 4.5% Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 567,155DIFFERENCE 720,703 153,548 27.1% ZERO Weighted Average OUT Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 352,365 353,201 836 0.2% Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 790,245 790,245 0 0.0% Weighted GATE Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 3,077,323 3,293,312 215,990 7.0% Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 2.9 3.1 0.2 7.0% Cost Factors TECHNOLOGY Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour $ 15.00 $ 15.00 Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon $ 3.25 $ 3.25 Pollutant (annual tons) Initiative Inputs Default HC 65.3 66.6 1.4 2.1% Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 306.8 310.1 3.3 1.1% Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1,010.2 1,020.2 10.0 1.0% On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM 2.5 70.3 73.0 2.6 3.7% Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 80% 0% CO 2 127,277.1 131,990.7 4,713.5 3.7% Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost Container Info System (% used) 80% 0% Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,794,838 456,918 3.7% Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost $ 135,983,468 $ 142,507,237 $ 6,523,768 4.8% Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 50% 0% Drayage Cost per Container $ 130 $ 136 $ 6 4.8% 16

Example: Eliminate Pre-2003 Trucks Values on this worksheet are not affected by reset macros 22-53% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings Fleet Age Distribution SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Drayage Fleet Inputs Age Distribution Curves Scenario Same as Default 1 Default LALB Default 1 1 45.0% 40.0% Scenario Model Year Age # % Age # % 35.0% 2010 0 19 1.4% 0 19 0% 30.0% Default 25.0% 2009 1 26 2.0% 1 26 0% 20.0% 2008 2 52 3.9% 2 52 1% 15.0% 2007 3 67 5.1% 3 67 1% 10.0% 2006 4 76 5.7% 4 76 1% 5.0% 0.0% 2005 5 188 14.2% 5 188 3% -5.0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2004 6 382 28.9% 6 382 5% Activity Outputs Age Default Scenario Change % Change 2003 7 514 38.8% 7 514 7% Annual Activity 2002 8 0.0% 8 677 9% Drayage Number Fleet of Technology Drayage Trip and Legs Strategy Inputs 1,945,060 1,945,060 0 0.0% 2001 9 0.0% 9 664 9% Drayage Trip Legs per Container 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0% 2000 10 0.0% 10 465 6% Technology Retrofits Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,676,217 0 0.0% 1999 11 0.0% 11 495 7% Particulate Filter/Trap % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% Drayage VMT per Container 34.0 34.0 0.0 0.0% 1998 12 0.0% 12 518 7% Oxidation Catalyst % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% 1997 13 0.0% 13 610 9% Flow-Through Fleet Filter Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1,038 0 0.0% % of eligible fleet retrofit 50% 1996 14 0.0% 14 423 6% Idle Annual ReductionDuty Cycle Totals 1995 15 0.0% 15 313 4% Idling Control Strategies Idle/Stopped % Hours reduction in idle 1,367,557 50% 1,367,557 0 0.0% 1994 16 0.0% 16 257 4% Fuel Conservation Creep Hours 567,155 567,155 SEE THE 0 0.0% 1993 17 0.0% 17 443 6% Single-Wide Tires Transient Hours% of fleet 352,365 50% 352,365 0 0.0% 1992 18 0.0% 18 392 5% Automatic Tire Inflation Cruise Hours% of fleet 790,245 50% DIFFERENCE 790,245 0 0.0% 1991 19 0.0% 19 132 2% Tare Weight Reduction Total Drayage Hours% of fleet 3,077,323 50% 3,077,323 0 0.0% 1990 20 0.0% 20 90 1% Drayage Hours per Container lbs of weight saved 2,000 2.9 2.9 0.0 0.0% 1989 21 0.0% 21 73 1% Low Friction Engine Lubricant % of fleet 50% 1988 22 0.0% 22 73 1% Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant % of fleet 50% % Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change 1987 23 0.0% 23 60 1% Direct Drivetrain % of fleet 50% 1986 24 0.0% 24 153 2% Single Pollutant Axle Drive (annual (vs. Dual Axle) tons) % of fleet 50% Total 1,324 100% Total 7,162 100% Speed Management Policy (55 mph) HC% of fleet 50% 65.3 50.6 (14.6) -22.4% CHANGE THE FLEET CO 306.8 183.3 (123.5) -40.2% NOx 1,010.2 469.3 (540.9) -53.5% DISTRIBUTION PM 2.5 70.3 47.6 (22.8) -32.4% CO 2 127,277.1 127,675.9 398.8 0.3% Fuel Use and Total Cost Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,376,575 38,655 0.3% Total Drayage Cost $ 135,983,468 $ 136,109,098 $ 125,629 0.1% Drayage Cost per Container $ 130 $ 130 $ 0 0.1% 17

Thank you! Questions? Contacts and Follow-ups National Cooperative Freight Research Program Report 11: http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/165528.aspx EPA SmartWay DrayFLEET: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/drayage.htm website: www.tiogagroup.com Frank Harder: fharder@tiogagroup.com, 215-557-2140 18