to Digital Techniques Dan I. Porat, Ph.D. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, California Arpad Barna, Ph.D. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories Palo Alto, California John Wiley and Sons New York Chichester Brisbane Toronto
Contents Chapter 1 Perspective Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Number Systems Chapter 4 Coding 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 *2-7 2-8 2-9 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 Integrated Circuits Using Switches Using Rays Using Diodes Diode-Transistor Logic (DTL) Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Integrated Injection Logic (PL) MOS Logic Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic Decimal Numbers Binary Numbers The Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems Conversion between Number Bases Negative Numbers The Need for Coding Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) Numbers Unit-Distance Codes Error-Detecting Codes Alphanumeric Codes 1 3 7 10 14 18 25 32 38 40 43 55 55 60 61 65 67 74 80 81 83 83 89 94 97 101 101 An asterisk before a section title refers to optional material. vii
Chapter 5 Boolean Algebra and Simplification Methods 5-1 Boolean Algebra 5-2 Truth Tables 5-3 Logic Operators 5-4 Postulates of Boolean Algebra 5-5 Theorems of Boolean Algebra 5-6 Analysis and Synthesis of Combinational 5-7 Standard Forms 5-8 Karnaugh Maps Chapter 6 Combinational Chapter 7 Flip-Flops (FFs) 6-1 Additional Logic Operators 6-2 Positive and Negative Logic 6-3 2-Stage NAND 6-4 2-Stage NOR 6-5 AND-OR-INVERT (AOI) Gates 6-6 Digital Multiplexers 6-7 Decoders 6-8 Priority Encoders 7-1 7-2 R-S storage FFs 7-3 Clocked R-S FFs 7-4 State Tables and Function Tables of Clocked FFs 7-5 Clocked D FFs 7-6 Use of Clocked FFs for Storage 7-7 Master-slave R-S and D FFs 7-8 Master-slave FFs with Data Lockout 7-9 Edge-triggered FFs 7-10 J-K FFs 7-11 TFFs 7-12 Direct Preset and Clear Inputs 7-13 Timing Chapter 8 Counters 8-1 8-2 Divide-by-2 Counters 8-3 Ripple Counters 8-4 One-Bit Counters 105 106 108 110 111 121 123 125 136 137 141 149 151 153 155 157 162 166 167 168 172 172 180 182 183 184 185 188 193 194 195 195 197 204 205 206 207 209 222
ix CONTENTS Chapter 9 Shift Registers and Shift Register Counters Chapter 10 Large-Scale Integrated Circuits (LSI) Chapter 11 Arithmetic Circuits Chapter 12 Code Converters and Display Devices 8-5 State Diagrams 8-6 Synchronous Counters 8-7 Hybrid Counters 9-1 9-2 Shift Registers 9-3 Shift Register Counters 9-4 Operating Speed 10-1 10-2 Dynamic MOS Inverters and Gates 10-3 MOS Shift Registers 10-4 Random-Access Memories (RAMs) 10-5 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 10-6 Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) *10-7 Content-Addressable Memories (CAMs) *10-8 First-In First-Out Memories (FIFOs) 10-9 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 10-10 Magnetic Bubble Memories (MBMs) 11-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 Digital Comparators Adders Subtractors Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) Multipliers Excess-3 Gray-Code to 8-4-2-1 BCD Converter Binary to Gray-Code Converter Gray-Code to Binary Converter Binary to BCD Converters BCD to Binary Converters Display Decoders and Drivers 223 226 262 264 264 268 268 275 285 285 286 290 291 293 300 311 317 321 323 325 328 333 333 336 337 342 347 348 348 350 353 354 356 357 359 364 370 376 376 * An asterisk before a section title refers to optional material.
Chapter 13 Computers and Microcomputers Chapter 14 Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to Digital Converters Chapter 15 System Operation Answers to odd-numbered problems Appendix Glossary Index 13-1 13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6 13-7 Basic Characteristics Basic Structure Basic Programming Techniques Input and Output (I/O) The Main Memory The Control Unit 14-1 14-2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) 14-3 Operational Amplifiers 14-4 Current Switches for DACs 14-5 Digital-to-Analog Converters Using Ladder Networks 14-6 DACs Using Quad Current Sources 14-7 Multiplying DAC 14-8 Measuring DAC Parameters 14-9 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADs) 14-10 Circuit Components for ADCs 14-11 Counter Ramp ADC 14-12 Tracking ADC 14-13 Successive Approximation ADC 14-14 Parallel ADC 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 15-7 Tolerances, Noise Margins, and Loading Rules Power Distribution Grounding Schmitt Trigger Circuits Mono stable Multivibrators Troubleshooting Instrumentation 380 380 382 385 392 400 404 409 409 412 413 420 425 426 428 431 432 433 435 444 445 446 455 455 458 459 464 469 476 482 482 485 510 511 521