Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Cars: Opportunities and Challenges Elena Aleksandrova Honda R&D Europe (Deutschland) GmbH Automobile Advanced Technology Research 19.01.2010 1
Introduction Li-Ion technology Future development and requirements Conclusion 2
Emission reduction HC standard [g/km] 2.11 Civic CVCC 100 1.00 0.94 Insight 0.50 0 Euro 3 0.2 Euro 4 0.1 Euro 5 0.1 1972* 1975* 1990 2005 2009 *1970 Clean Air Act 3
Focus is shifting from emissions to GHG (mainly CO 2 ) and Energy Today Energy sustainability Renewable energy Climate change GHG (CO ) reductions 2 Time Approx. 50 years Emissions: VOC, HC, NOx, CO, PM Approx. 50 years Air pollution 4
Introduction Li-Ion technology Future development and requirements Conclusion 5
The long way from molecule to EV / HEV Materials Components Cells Battery units Electric Powertrain HEV / EV Si Li Application EV Battery HEV Battery (+ Engine) Vehicle with the same weight 300 kg 30 kg and size Low Power per battery cell High Power per battery cell High Capacity for driving range Discharge / Charge 1C 3C Low Capacity / use of engine Fast Discharge / Charge More than 10C 6
Electrode Materials = Driving range Source: Nature 414, 359-367,M.Armand&J.-M. 367, Tarascon. There exist many different possible arrangements for high capacity batteries but performance, reliability, safety and cost must fulfil the customer demand. 7
Todays numbers Characteristics of lithium-ion ion batteries using various chemistries Chemistry Anode/cathode Cell voltage Max/nom. Ah /g Anode/cathode Energy density Wh/kg Cycle life (deep) Electrode material $/kg Anode/cathode Electrode material cost $/kwh Thermal stability Graphite/ Fairly/ 4.2 / 3.6 0.36 / 0.18 100-170 2000-3000 12/25 48 NiCoMnO 2 stable Graphite/ Mn spinel 4.0 / 3.6 0.36 / 0.11 100-120 1000 12/8 30 Graphite/ 4.2 / 3.6 0.36 / 0.18 100-150 2000-3000 12/25 48 NiCoAlO 2 Fairly/ stable least/ stable Graphite/ 3.65 / 3.25 0.36 / 0.16 90-115 >3000 12/20 49 stable LiFePO 4 Li-titanate/ most 2.8/2 2.4 0.18/0 0.11 60-75 >5000 25/8 88 Mn spinel stable Source: EVS24 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium, A.Burke, M.Miller What fraction of energy density is useable in a specific vehicle application? How to increase relative advantage of different chemistries? How much is return on investment? 8
Battery requirements vs. vehicle application Cycle life goals for batteries 100 100 HEV : 300,000 shallow cycles PHEV (CD mode): 5,000 deep cycles PHEV (CS mode): 300,000 shallow cycles EV: 1,000 deep cycles High energy density High power density Calendar lifetime Good safety Low cost Material availability Recycling Battery energy / kw Wh 80 60 40 20 0 0.5-3kWh unused cap pacity 4-15kWh used cap pacity dependin ng on driving cycle 20-40kWh HEV PHEV EV used capacity State of Charge (SOC C) % 60 20 0 Different requirements guide the choice of the battery chemistry! Currently, there is no unique material that meets all needs equally well! 9
Introduction Li-Ion technology Future development and requirements Conclusion 10
Energy density comparison of common technologies 14000 12000 practical [Wh/kg] theoretical [Wh/kg] Wh/kg] 10000 8000 Energ gy density [ 6000 4000 2000 not designed for frequent deep cycling required in EVs 160 Requires high capacity anode to realize benefits in a cell 0 Huge difference between theoretical and practical energy density There is a strong need for further research! 11
Selection of battery 2010 CO 2 Reduction 2030 ICE EV Hybrids Plug-in-Hybrids / ICE Range Extender Pure EV Do small HEVs need Li? C/LiM 2 O 4 C/Li 2 MSiO 4 New anode /N New Titanate C/LiFePO 4 cathode chemistry Li(Si) S Li(Si) air Zn air Fuel cell (still a hybrid) Range extender EV Upscaling of lithium batteries requires further R&D: reasonable driving distance (energy density) safe energy storage system with acceptable size and weight better recharging time lower production costs 12
Introduction Li-Ion technology Future development and requirements Conclusion 13
Conclusion Li-ion is currently the dominating technology for EV/PHEV Li-based chemistry provides higher energy densities compared to existing commercially available batteries. There is strong need to increase specific capacity by optimizing cell chemistry improve battery lifetime by enhanced stability of electrode materials reduce the costs Customer driving i style influences battery performance (life time, driving range) 14
Speedometer background changes color ECO guide (Multi-information Display) ) 15
Load shift for hybrid applications Eco Guide Scoring Function Driving provides feedback about current driving practices, as well as feedback on cumulative, long-term fuel-efficient driving. Less fuel efficient driving Fuel efficient driving Ignition OFF Step up Step up Drive cycle results Lifetime results 16
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