SECTION 4 CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT This section presents emissions estimates for the cargo handling equipment source category, including source description (4.1), geographical delineation (4.2), data and information acquisition (4.3), operational profiles (4.4), emissions estimation methodology (4.5), and the emission estimates (4.6). 4.1 Source Description Cargo handling equipment includes equipment used to move cargo (containers, general cargo, and bulk cargo) to and from marine vessels, railcars, and on-road trucks. The equipment typically operates at marine terminals or at rail yards and not on public roadways or lands. This inventory includes cargo handling equipment of 25 hp or greater using diesel, gasoline, or alternative fuels. Due to the diversity of cargo, there is a wide range of equipment types. The majority of the equipment can be classified into one of the following equipment types: Forklift Rubber tired gantry (RTG) crane Side handler Sweeper Top handler Yard tractor Other Figure 4.1 presents the distribution of the 1,457 pieces of equipment inventoried at the Port for 2007. Figure 4.1: Distribution of 2007 Port CHE by Equipment Type Top Handlers 157 11% RTG Cranes 98 7% Other 73 5% Side Handlers 39 2% Sweepers 20 1% Yard Tractors 754 52% Forklifts 316 22% Port of Long Beach 104 January 2009
2007 Air Emissions Inventory Out of all CHE inventoried at Port facilities, 52% were yard tractors, 22% were forklifts, 11% were top handlers, seven percent were RTG cranes, two percent were side handlers, one percent were sweepers and five percent were other equipment (not typical cargo handling equipment). The Other category includes the following: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Bulldozer Excavator Loader Reach stacker Skid steer loader Truck (i.e. fuel, utility, water and vacuum trucks) 4.2 Geographical Delineation The cargo handling equipment inventory consists of equipment from the following terminals: container, dry bulk, break bulk, liquid bulk, auto and passenger. Figure 4.2 presents the geographical delineation for CHE. Figure 4.2: Port of Long Beach Terminals Port of Long Beach 105 January 2009
Following is the list of the terminals by cargo type inventoried in 2007: Container Terminals: California United Terminals (CUT) Horizon Lines International Transportation Service (ITS) Long Beach Container Terminal (LBCT) Pacific Container Terminal (PCT) SSAT Pier A SSAT Pier C Total Terminals International (TTI) Break-Bulk Terminals: California United Terminals - Breakbulk Cooper/T. Smith SSAT Bulk Crescent Terminals Pacific Coast Recycling Fremont Forest Group Weyerhauser Conolly-Pacific Dry Bulk Terminals: Koch Carbon G -P Gypsum Metropolitan Stevedore Morton Salt Cemex Mitsubishi Cement National Gypsum Liquid Terminals: BP/ Arco Chemoil Baker Commodities Petro Diamond Equillon (Shell) Enterprise Vopak Auto Terminals: Toyota Passenger Terminals: Carnival Cruise Terminal 2007 Air Emissions Inventory Port of Long Beach 106 January 2009
4.3 Data and Information Acquisition The terminal s maintenance and/or CHE operating staff were contacted to obtain information on the CHE specific to their terminal s operation for the calendar year 2007. Information collected for each piece of equipment is listed below: Equipment type Equipment identification number Equipment make and model Engine make and model Rated horsepower Model year Type of fuel used (diesel, ULSD, gasoline or propane) Alternative fuel used, start date (O 2 diesel, emulsified fuel) Fuel consumption (information not readily available) Annual hours of operation (some terminals started using hour meters) Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) installed Date DOC installed On-road engine installed Any other emissions control devices installed 4.4 Operational Profiles Table 4.1 summarizes the data collected in 2007 calendar year. The table includes equipment count, horsepower, model year, and annual operating hours for each equipment type. The average in the following tables is based on population and is not a weighted average based on activity. Port of Long Beach 107 January 2009
Table 4.1: CHE Characteristics for All Terminals, 2007 2007 Air Emissions Inventory Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Boom truck 2 100 210 155 1989 2006 1998 520 520 520 Bulldozer 5 165 305 231 1993 2005 1999 100 800 480 Crane 3 100 150 133 1995 1998 1996 100 520 240 Electric pallet jack 2 na na na na na na 300 300 300 Excavator 7 362 439 426 1997 2005 2002 2,000 4,000 3,500 Forklift 316 na 280 118 1961 2007 1995 0 2,954 606 Fuel truck 8 200 215 207 1981 2006 1996 0 2,007 500 Loader 18 150 375 285 1980 2006 1996 50 2,000 1,131 Man Lift 7 48 100 61 1986 2005 1997 0 416 175 Rail pusher 3 100 300 200 1995 2003 1998 0 1,494 607 Reach stacker 4 330 375 341 1994 2001 1997 20 1,000 680 RMG crane 1 na na na 1980 1980 1980 na na na RTG crane 98 219 1,043 667 1979 2007 1999 0 3,872 1,685 Side pick 39 115 240 177 1982 2006 1999 6 2,678 1,031 Skid steer loader 4 27 85 45 1990 1996 1994 100 416 283 Sweeper 20 30 210 111 1982 2006 1999 0 1,820 471 Top handler 157 250 375 291 1989 2007 2002 0 3,375 1,945 Tractor 7 80 110 106 1996 2004 1997 275 936 842 Vacuum truck 1 285 285 285 1998 1998 1998 1,000 1,000 1,000 Water truck 1 170 170 170 1997 1997 1997 364 364 364 Yard tractor 754 173 245 185 1990 2007 2002 0 4,736 1,737 Total 1,457 Range / Average 27 1,043 214 1961 2007 2000 0 4,736 1,432 Eighty-one percent of all CHE equipment at the Port are used by container terminals. Table 4.2 shows the percentage of container terminal CHE as compared to the total Port CHE. Table 4.2: Percentage of Container Terminal CHE as Compared to Total CHE Total Container Equipment Count Terminal Percent Count Forklift 316 105 33% RTG crane 98 98 100% Side pick 39 39 100% Top handler 157 155 99% Yard tractor 754 752 100% Sweeper 20 8 40% Other 73 19 26% Total 1,457 1,176 81% Port of Long Beach 108 January 2009
The equipment characteristics for the CHE found at the Port s container terminals are summarized in Table 4.3. Table 4.3: CHE Characteristics for Container Terminal, 2007 Container Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Forklift 105 45 280 116 1967 2007 1995 0 2,954 774 Fuel truck 7 200 215 207 1981 2006 1996 0 2,007 485 Man lift 5 50 100 67 1986 2000 1994 0 309 82 Rail pusher 3 100 300 200 1995 2003 1998 0 1,494 607 Reach stacker 4 330 375 341 1994 2001 1997 20 1,000 680 RTG crane 98 219 1,043 667 1979 2007 1999 0 3,872 1,685 Side pick 39 115 240 177 1982 2006 1999 6 2,678 1,031 Sweeper 8 100 190 129 1994 2006 2000 0 637 333 Top handler 155 250 375 292 1989 2007 2002 0 3,375 1,945 Yard tractor 752 173 245 185 1990 2007 2002 0 4,736 1,737 Total 1,176 Range / Average 45 1,043 232 1967 2007 2001 0 4,736 1,620 Table 4.4 shows the equipment characteristics of break-bulk terminal equipment. Table 4.4: CHE Characteristics for Break-Bulk Terminals, 2007 Break Bulk Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Bulldozer 3 165 305 252 1993 1998 1995 100 400 267 Crane 1 150 150 150 1995 1995 1995 100 100 100 Excavator 7 362 439 426 1997 2005 2002 2,000 4,000 3,500 Forklift 132 56 272 142 1983 2006 1996 0 1,040 256 Fuel Truck 1 207 207 207 1991 1991 1991 600 600 600 Loader 4 200 285 243 1980 2002 1991 250 2,000 1,063 Man Lift 1 48 48 48 2005 2005 2005 400 400 400 RMG crane 1 0 0 0 1980 1980 1980 0 0 0 Sweeper 2 114 135 125 1982 1983 1983 52 500 276 Yard tractor 2 173 173 173 1998 2005 2002 1,000 2,340 1,670 Total 154 Range / Average 0 439 159 1980 2006 1996 0 4,000 441 Port of Long Beach 109 January 2009
Tables 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 show the equipment characteristics of dry bulk, liquid bulk and auto terminal equipment, respectively. Table 4.5: CHE Characteristics for Dry Bulk Terminals, 2007 Dry Bulk Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Bulldozer 2 200 200 200 2005 2005 2005 800 800 800 Crane 1 150 150 150 1995 1995 1995 100 100 100 Forklift 52 0 177 79 1963 2007 1997 0 2,000 1,125 Loader 13 166 375 308 1982 2006 1997 50 2,000 1,178 Man lift 1 48 48 48 2005 2005 2005 416 416 416 Skid Steer Loader 4 27 85 45 1990 1996 1994 100 416 283 Sweeper 10 30 210 94 1990 2006 2001 100 1,820 620 Top handler 2 260 260 260 2000 2000 2000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Tractor 1 80 80 80 2004 2004 2004 275 275 275 Vacuum truck 1 285 285 285 1998 1998 1998 1,000 1,000 1,000 Water truck 1 170 170 170 1997 1997 1997 364 364 364 Total 88 Range / Average 0 375 124 1963 2007 1998 0 2,000 1,010 Table 4.6: CHE Characteristics for Liquid Bulk Terminals, 2007 Liquid Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Boom truck 2 100 210 155 1989 2006 1998 520 520 520 Crane 1 100 100 100 1998 1998 1998 520 520 520 Forklift 7 40 120 70 1961 1996 1989 15 624 262 Loader 1 150 150 150 1995 1995 1995 780 780 780 Total 11 Range / Average 40 210 95 1961 2006 1992 15 780 379 Table 4.7: CHE Characteristics for Auto Terminal, 2007 Auto Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Electric Pallet Jack 2 0 0 0 1995 1995 1995 300 300 300 Forklift 10 na 100 na 1995 1995 1995 600 600 600 Total 12 Range / Average 0 100 na 1995 1995 1995 300 600 550 Port of Long Beach 110 January 2009
Table 4.8 shows the equipment characteristics of passenger terminal equipment. Table 4.8: CHE Characteristics of Passenger Terminal, 2007 Cruise Terminals Power (horsepower) Model Year Annual Operating Hours Equipment Count Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Forklift 10 50 210 86 1981 1987 1985 1,053 1,170 1,076 Tractor 6 110 110 110 1996 1996 1996 936 936 936 Total 16 Range / Average 50 210 95 1981 1996 1989 936 1,170 1,024 The 2007 inventory includes 692 pieces of equipment installed with diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), 54 new yard tractors with on-road certified engines and new equipment with cleaner off-road engines. In addition, 116 pieces of equipment used oxygenated (O 2 ) diesel. All of the diesel equipment used ULSD in 2007. Table 4.9 is a summary of the emission reduction technologies by equipment type for the diesel-powered equipment. It should be noted that some of these technologies may be used in combination with one another. For example, equipment using oxygenated diesel or emulsified fuel may also be equipped with on-road engines or DOCs. The majority of the reduction initiatives are undertaken by container terminals which account for the majority (81%) of equipment at the port. Technologies included for the first time in the port-wide inventory include diesel particulate filters (DPF) and Vycon s REGEN Flywheel system (Vycon). Table 4.9: 2007 CHE Emission Reduction Technologies by Equipment Equipment DOC On-Road USLD Emulsified O 2 DPF Vycon Installed Engines Fuel Fuel Diesel Installed Installed Forklifts 34 0 162 0 3 0 0 RTG cranes 11 0 98 0 12 0 2 Side handlers 37 0 39 0 7 0 0 Top handlers 87 0 157 0 10 0 0 Yard tractors 521 134 754 0 84 12 0 Sweepers 1 0 13 0 0 0 0 Other 1 0 64 0 0 0 0 Total 692 134 1,287 0 116 12 2 Table 4.10 is a summary of the equipment by engine type and shows that the majority of the equipment inventoried are diesel-powered (88%), followed by propane equipment (11%). Port of Long Beach 111 January 2009
Table 4.10: 2007 CHE by Engine Type 2007 Air Emissions Inventory Equipment Electric Propane Gasoline Diesel Total 4.5 Methodology Forklifts 4 150 0 162 316 RTG cranes 0 0 0 98 98 Side handlers 0 0 0 39 39 Top handlers 0 0 0 157 157 Yard tractors 0 0 0 754 754 Sweepers 0 6 1 13 20 Other 3 6 0 64 73 Total 7 162 1 1,287 1,457 Percent of Total 0.5% 11% 0% 88% 100% The methodology used to estimate the CHE emissions is consistent with CARB s latest methodology. The basic equation used to estimate CHE emissions in tons is as follows. Where: E = Pop x EF x HP x LF x Act x FCF x CF Equation 4.1 E = emissions, tons Pop = population of equipment EF = emission factor, grams of pollutant per horsepower-hour (g/hp-hr) HP = rated horsepower for the equipment LF = load factor (ratio of average load used during normal operations as compared to full load at maximum rated horsepower) Act = equipment activity, hours of use FCF = fuel correction factor to reflect changes in fuel properties that have occurred over time CF = control factor to reflect changes in emissions due to installation of emission reduction technologies or use of alternative fuels not originally included in the emission factors The emission factor is a function of the zero hour emission rate for the equipment model year (g/hp-hr) in the absence of any malfunction or tampering of engine components that can change emissions, plus a deterioration rate. The deterioration rate reflects the fact that base emissions of engines change as the equipment is used due to wear of various engine parts or reduced efficiency of emission control devices. The emission factor is calculated as: Port of Long Beach 112 January 2009
Where: EF = ZH + (DR x Cumulative Hours) Equation 4.2 ZH = emission rate when the engine is new and there is no component malfunctioning for a given horsepower category and model year DR = deterioration rate (rate of change of emissions as a function of equipment age) Cumulative hours = number of hours the equipment has been in use and calculated as annual operating hours times age of the equipment 4.5.1 Emission Factors The zero hour emission rates used are consistent with the OFFROAD model. The ZH emission rates are a function of fuel, model year and horsepower group as defined in the OFFROAD model. ZH emission rates vary by engine horsepower and model year to reflect the fact that depending upon the size of the engines, different engine technologies and emission standards are applicable. The OFFROAD ZH emission factors by horsepower and engine year were used for: diesel engines certified to off-road diesel engine emission standards diesel engines certified to on-road diesel emission standards gasoline and LPG engines certified to large spark ignited engine (LSI) emission standards LNG engines emission factors are based on recent testing of LNG yard tractors 36 The equation for the deterioration rate is: Equation 4.3 DR = (DF x ZH) / cumulative hours at the end of useful life Where: DR = deterioration rate (expressed as g/hp-hr 2 ) DF = deterioration factor, percent increase in emissions at the end of the useful life (expressed as %) ZH = emission rate when the engine is new and there is no component malfunctioning for a given horsepower category and model year Cumulative hours at the end of useful life = annual operating hours times useful life in years 36 Dr. Wayne Miller, University of California, Riverside, A Study of Emissions from Yard Tractors Using Diesel and LNG Fuel, July 2007. Port of Long Beach 113 January 2009
4.5.2 Load Factors, Useful Life, and Deterioration Rates Load factor is defined as the ratio of average load experienced by the equipment during normal operation as compared to full load at maximum rated horsepower. It accounts for the fact that in their normal operations, engines are not used at their maximum horsepower rating. Equipment specific load factors are the same as those used for the 2006 EI which include the updated yard tractor LF. A 2006 in-field study conducted by the Port in consultation with CARB s staff supported a lower load factor for the yard tractors operating at ports. Based on actual test data collected, the Port is using a load factor of 39% for yard tractors, as compared to the previous load factor of 65%. Table 4.11 lists the equipment type, the useful life and load factor used, respectively. Table 4.11: CHE Useful Life and Load Factors Port Equipment Useful Load Life Factor RTG crane, crane 24 0.43 Excavator 16 0.57 Forklift 16 0.30 Top handler, side pick, reach stacker 16 0.59 Aerial lift, truck, other with off-road engine 16 0.51 Truck, other with on-road engine 16 0.51 Sweeper 16 0.68 Loader, backhoe 16 0.55 Yard tractor with off-road engine 12 0.39 Yard tractor with on-road engine 12 0.39 Table 4.12 lists the new deterioration factors by horsepower group. Table 4.12: Deterioration Factors by Horsepower Group Horsepower PM NO x CO HC Group 50 31% 6% 41% 51% 120 44% 14% 16% 28% 175 44% 14% 16% 28% 250 44% 14% 16% 28% 500 67% 21% 25% 44% Port of Long Beach 114 January 2009
4.5.3 Control Factors Control factors were used to reflect the change in emissions due to the use of various emissions reduction technologies such as DOC and alternative fuels. Table 4.13 shows the emission reduction percentages provided by CARB for the various technologies used by the Port equipment. In this table, a positive number is a reduction, while a negative number signifies an increase in emissions. The control factor is 1 minus the emission reduction in decimal. For example, 70% reduction has a control factor of 0.3; while a -10% has a control factor of 1.10. Table 4.13: CHE Control Measure Emission Reductions Percentages Technology PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 DOC 30% 30% 30% 0% na 70% 70% na 0% 70% O 2 Diesel 20% 20% 20% 2% na -10% -75% na 2% -75% DOC + O 2 Diesel 44% 44% 44% 2% na 73% 48% na 2% 48% DPF 85% 85% 85% 0% na 0% 0% na 0% 0% Vycon's REGEN 25% 25% 25% 30% 15% 0% 0% 15% 30% 0% CARB s sources for the emission reductions are as follows: DOC: CEC Report (Air Quality Implications of Backup Generators in California Volume Two: Emission Measurements From Controlled and Uncontrolled Backup Generators) 37 O 2 Diesel: Provided by CARB DOC and O 2 Diesel: Cumulative (mathematical calculation of combination) DPF: CARB Verified Technology 38 Vycon s REGEN Flywheel System: CARB Verified Technology 39 Table 4.14 lists the fuel correction factors for ULSD fuel. Table 4.14: Fuel Correction Factors Equipment MY PM NO x SO x CO HC CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 1995 and older 0.72 0.93 0.043 1 0.72 1 0.93 0.72 1996 and newer 0.80 0.95 0.043 1 0.72 1 0.95 0.72 37 See: http://www.enenrgy.ca.gov/pier/final_project_reports/cec-500-2005-049.html. 38 http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/vt/cvt.htm 39 http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/vt/cvt.htm Port of Long Beach 115 January 2009
4.6 Emission Estimates CHE emission estimates are broken down by terminal type and equipment type. A summary of the CHE emission in tons per year by terminal type for 2007 is presented in Tables 4.15 and 4.16. Table 4.15: 2007 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, tpy Terminal Type PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC Auto 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 4.1 0.4 Break-Bulk 1.6 1.5 1.6 54.2 0.1 22.0 2.5 Container 36.2 33.6 36.2 1,237.4 1.3 239.9 35.8 Cruise 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.2 0.0 20.1 2.1 Dry Bulk 1.1 1.0 1.0 35.4 0.0 46.3 5.2 Liquid 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.0 1.4 0.2 Total 39.2 36.3 39.0 1,338.7 1.4 333.9 46.0 Table 4.16: 2007 CHE GHG Emissions by Terminal Type, tpy Terminal Type CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Auto 94.3 0.0 0.0 Break-Bulk 7,694.9 0.2 0.3 Container 176,569.0 3.7 4.3 Cruise 577.2 0.0 0.0 Dry Bulk 4,183.2 0.1 0.1 Liquid 205.7 0.0 0.0 Total 189,324.3 3.9 4.7 Figure 4.3 presents the percentage of cargo handling equipment emissions by terminal type. Approximately 90% of the Port s CHE PM, NO x, SO x and GHG emissions, along with 70% of the CO emissions and 80% of the hydrocarbon emissions are attributed to the container terminals. Break-bulk terminals and other type of facilities account for the remainder of the emissions. The facilities with propane forklifts and equipment with alternative fuels have higher CO and hydrocarbon emissions. Port of Long Beach 116 January 2009
Figure 4.3: 2007 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, % 2007 Air Emissions Inventory CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 HC CO SO x NO x DPM PM 2.5 PM 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Container Break-Bulk Dry Bulk Cruise Liquid Auto Tables 4.17 and 4.18 present the percentage of cargo handling equipment emissions by equipment type. Table 4.17: 2007 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, tpy Port Equipment Engine Type PM 10 PM 2.5 DPM NO x SO x CO HC Boom Truck Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 Bulldozer Diesel 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 Crane Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 Excavator Diesel 0.8 0.7 0.8 31.0 0.0 6.5 0.9 Forklift Diesel 1.4 1.3 1.4 29.0 0.0 11.8 1.6 Forklift Propane 0.1 0.1 0.0 19.9 0.0 62.9 5.7 Fuel Truck Diesel 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.9 0.0 1.0 0.2 Loader Diesel 1.0 0.9 1.0 22.8 0.0 7.9 1.4 Man Lift Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 Rail Pusher Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 Reach Stacker Diesel 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.8 0.0 1.6 0.3 RTG Crane Diesel 8.5 7.9 8.5 335.9 0.3 66.8 13.9 Side Pick Diesel 0.7 0.6 0.7 29.4 0.0 2.8 0.5 Skid Steer Loader Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Sweeper Diesel 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.5 0.0 1.5 0.3 Sweeper Gasoline 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.0 Sweeper Propane 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.1 0.2 Top Handler Diesel 6.7 6.3 6.7 275.9 0.3 38.5 5.7 Tractor Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tractor Propane 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 0.0 12.6 1.2 Vacuum Truck Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 Water Truck Diesel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 Yard Tractor Diesel 19.2 17.7 19.2 570.2 0.6 115.6 13.8 Total 39.2 36.3 39.0 1,338.7 1.4 333.9 46.0 Port of Long Beach 117 January 2009
Table 4.18: 2007 CHE GHG Emissions by Equipment Type, tpy Port Equipment Engine Type CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 Bulldozer Diesel 81.2 0.0 0.0 Crane Diesel 252.0 0.0 0.0 Dump Truck Diesel 31.5 0.0 0.0 Excavator Diesel 4,811.6 0.1 0.2 Forklift Diesel 3,589.7 0.1 0.1 Forklift Propane 1,431.1 0.0 0.0 Fuel Truck Diesel 503.8 0.0 0.0 Loader Diesel 3,232.1 0.1 0.1 Man Lift Diesel 35.4 0.0 0.0 Rail Pusher Diesel 196.3 0.0 0.0 Roller Diesel 579.1 0.0 0.0 RTG Crane Diesel 43,002.0 0.9 1.7 Side Pick Diesel 3,946.5 0.1 0.1 Skid Steer Loader Diesel 28.2 0.0 0.0 Sweeper Diesel 555.1 0.0 0.0 Sweeper Gasoline 5.4 0.0 0.0 Sweeper Propane 95.8 0.0 0.0 Top Handler Diesel 43,105.1 0.9 1.0 Tractor Diesel 9.1 0.0 0.0 Tractor Propane 252.7 0.0 0.0 Vacuum Trcuk Diesel 159.3 0.0 0.0 Water Truck Diesel 36.0 0.0 0.0 Yard Tractor Diesel 83,385.1 1.7 1.4 Total 189,324.3 3.9 4.7 Figure 4.4 presents the percentage of cargo handling equipment emissions by equipment type. Approximately 30% to 48%, depending on the pollutant, of the Port s CHE emissions are attributed to yard tractors. Top handlers, RTG cranes, side picks and forklifts account for most of the remainder of the emissions. Port of Long Beach 118 January 2009
Figure 4.4: 2007 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, % 2007 Air Emissions Inventory CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 HC CO SO x NO x DPM PM 2.5 PM 10 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Yard Tractor RTG Crane Top Handler Forklift Side Pick Loader Other Port of Long Beach 119 January 2009