Dipl. Ing. Microenergy-Systems Postgraduate School Centre for Technology and Society & Institute of Energy Engineering Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
1. Introduction of the research project Purpose of the research to provide guidance for the analysis and optimization of modern small scale bioenergy systems in rural areas of developing countries Research proceeding 1. Development of an resource, technology and service neutral analysis approach for Bioenergy 2. Test of the approach in February 2010 on a case study of the Indonesian Island of Sumbawa 3. Evaluation and adaptation of the analysis approach 2
2. Characterizing local bioenergy systems Energy resources Conversion pathway Energy demand Land use, water, and input competition Solid, liquid, gaseous fuels, heat, electricity compete for the same biomass resource Non-standardized technologies & fuels for energy services Alternative competing pathways based on solar, water, wind, hydro, fossil & grid Variation of demand and purchase power Biomass competition: - Food, Fodder, Fiber, Feed, Fertilizer, Finance and Fuel Competing resources: - Solar, water, wind, hydro, fossil & grid How to reduce the complexity of local bioenergy systems? 3
3. Research question Jatropha Curcas L. Scenarios of conversion pathways Claimed potential for small scale bioenergy (the Jatropha system) 1. Baseline for wood, kerosene, diesel and gasoline Plant oil can be used for all 3 bioenergy services (light, heat, and motive power) 2. Bioenergy options for solid, liquid, and gaseous pathways Energy service demand categories 1. Lighting 2. Cooking 3. Motive power 3. Alternative options with other renewables For which energy service is a specific use of Jatropha plant oil competitive compared to the baseline, other bioenergy pathways or other renewable energy pathways? 4
4. Applied methodology Energy analysis Input analysis: primary energy, auxiliary energy, cumulated energy demand; renewable and non renewable inputs Output analysis: useful energy instead of the final energy carrier Gross or net energy ratio Cost analysis Net energy costs and net present value of conversion pathways highly depending on local context (labour, transport and transaction costs) Externalised effects 5 Effects occurring during the conversion process Qualitative indicators based on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework
5. Introduction of the case study Indonesia Island state, large bioenergy potential and programs, little international research (beside the very controversial large scale palm oil plantations) Sumbawa (part of the province of West Nusa Tengara) Population of 1.3 mio, surface 15,000 km², 80 person/km² in 500 villages. Government national Jatropha program in 2006 failed on Sumbawa Private Jatropha initiative (Pt ITE) since 2003 involving 200 farmers in 25 villages. Cultivation as mono or mixed crop and as fence, central pressing by Pt ITE and processing to biodiesel. 3 month preparatory research in 2009, 1 month in February 2010 on Sumbawa to visit project and conduct interviews (experts and 10 villages) 6
5. Introduction of the case study 7
6. Preliminary results Extraction / cultivation of Jatropha Plantation are not competitive with other cash crops only as fence Manual de-hulling not cost efficient, only with mechanical de-huller Energy end-use So far no local use, Jatropha is regarded as cash crop Central processing, no return of press-cake to the farmer, press-cake is partially used for biogas at the biodiesel fabric (dual fuel gen-set) Potential for local use depends on the conversion pathway Technical conversion pathway 8 3 groups: farmer (producer), local coordinators (collector of seeds), Pt ITE (purchaser and pressing), main value adding at Pt ITE Plans to transfer pressing of seeds to the coordinator or also to the farmer
6. Preliminary results Technical conversion pathways for Jatropha central local Farmer produce, clean and sell seeds manually Farmer produce, clean and sell seeds manually Farmer produce, clean and press seeds manually and sell oil Coordinators collect seeds from farmer and sell it to Pt ITE Coordinators collect seeds press oil and sell the oil to Pt ITE Coordinators collect oil and sell the oil to Pt ITE Pt ITE presses the oil and produces and sells biodiesel Pt ITE buys the oil, and produces and sells biodiesel Pt ITE buys the oil, and produces and sells biodiesel Press-cake only for biogas at central level, return of slurry too costly. 9 intermediate No bioenergy system but Jatropha as pure cash crop Press-cake used at village level, return of slurry difficult. Manual pressing critical. Press-cake for local biogas, return of slurry easy. Village biogas system (for cooking or motor), oil only as a cash crop Family biogas system (for cooking), Jatropha oil only as a cash crop
6. Preliminary results Extraction / cultivation of Jatropha (only fences) Distinction of 3 cases: (1) only manual labour, (2) manual labour, but use of a manual powered depulping machine and (3) use of motor depulper Cost in IDR per kg seeds Use of fuel in l per kg seeds 6.000 0,10 0,09 5.000 0,08 0,07 4.000 Transport SETIA Transport local Depulping Picking Cultivation Inputs 3.000 2.000 0,06 0,05 0,04 Transport SETIA Transport local Depulping Picking Cultivation Inputs 0,03 0,02 1.000 0,01 0 10 0,00 manual machine motor manual machine motor
6. Preliminary results Options for the processing of Jatropha seeds Local (1) manual depulping & ram press (2) manual machine depulping and ram pres (Motor depulping is not applicable at farm level) Intermediate (3) manual depulping & small screw press (4) manual machine depulping & small screw press (5) motor depulping & small screw press Cost in IDR per l plant oil 50000 Cost of pressing 45000 Cost of Seed 40000 Central (6) manual depulping & large screw press (7) manual machine depulping & large screw press (8) motor depulping & large screw press Use of fuel in l per l plant oil 0,35 Fuel for pressing 0,3 Fuel for Seed 0,25 35000 30000 0,2 25000 0,15 20000 15000 0,1 10000 0,05 5000 0 11 0 local intermediate central 1 local 2 3 4 5 intermediate 6 7 central 8
7. Discussion and outlook The case study Evaluation of life-cycle data, comparison of different Jatropha pathways with alternatives as fossil fuels, solid biomass and renewable energies Feed-back to the project developer The analysis model Energy analysis: net energy ratio - how to deduct auxiliary energy from useful energy output? Cost analysis: labour costs, return on labour? Small scale bioenergy and the Jatropha system 12 Light: Jatropha oil not effective and cost efficient, cooking: Jatropha oil not cost efficent, motive power: maybe cost efficient, depending on alternatives and uses (transport but decentralised production of transport fuel...) The important issue is not the resource/crop, but the way how it is used.
Thank you for your attention! Conference Micro Perspectives for Decentralized Energy Supply 07/08. April 2011 in Berlin, Germany Abstracts are invited to be submitted by September 28, 2010 13 www.microenergysystems.tu-berlin.de/conference2011
4. Applied methodology Primary losses Secondary and final losses of the system Primary renewable resource Extraction Conversion Distribution End-use Useful energy Fossil resource stock Auxiliary energy input to the energy system 14
Content 1. Introducing the research project 2. Characterizing rural bioenergy systems 3. Research question 4. Applied methodology 5. Introduction of the case study 6. Preliminary results 7. Discussion & outlook 15