Storage: the state of the technology Torbjörn Gustafsson Ångström Advanced Battery Centre Department of Materials Chemistry Uppsala University 1
Acknowledgements Ångström Advanced Battery Centre 2
Over the last century electricity has developed from being a scientific curiosity to one of the major energy carriers in our society. Why? 3
Electrical storage Hydro and pumped hydro Rotating storage 4
Power and Energy 1.00E+07 Capacitors 1.00E+06 Specific Power [W/kg] 1.00E+05 1.00E+04 1.00E+03 1.00E+02 1.00E+01 Electrochemical Capacitors Batteries Fuel Cells Series1 1.00E+00 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Specific Energy [Wh/kg] 5
Where are the batteries today after two centuries? Alessandro Volta, 1799 (Cu/Zn) 1839 Fuel cell 1859 Pb-acid 1899 Ni-Cd (Swedish) 1973 Li-metall 1975 Ni-MH 1979 Li-polymer (Armand) 1990: Li-jon (Sony) 6
Different types of storage Energy density Safety Life time, Cost Power efficiency Increasing size Safety Power/Energy density Life time, Cost ÅABC Life time, Cost Up scalability Power/Energy density Safety 7
The lithium-ion battery in portable electronics 8
Vehicles 9
From Toyota 10
National goals The electrical vehicle Germany 1.000.000 EVs 2020 USA 1.000.000 EVs 2015 France 2.000.000 EVs 2020 Denmark 600.000 EVs 2025 Will this happen? 11
The EV battery Energy content: 30kWh Weight: 200 kg Cathode material: 70 kg Anode material: 35 kg One EV battery corresponds to 10 000 mobile phone batteries! 12
Challenges for the future EV battery market Safety Cost Environmental impact Availability of raw materials Transport of new batteries 13
Cathode materials for Li-ion batteries 14
World wide battery market 15
The grid 16
The Grid Energy production = Energy consumption 17
Energy sources used today 1% 0.5% 1% 0.5% 18
Renewable energy sources 6% 1% 0.5% 4% How to increase the utilisation of the renewable energy sources? 19
New battery consepts 20
Nano silicon Si Capacit éen mah/g 4500 PVC +PO 4000 3500 3000 Staggering capacity gains 2500 2000 4-6 h 900 C (N2) 1500 Carbon nano painting 1000 500 Si 0 Si based Li-ion batteries soon on the market 28/02/2012 The Coming Energy Market Voltage (V vs. Li/Li+) In C Bi Zn Te Pb Sb Ga Sn Al As Ge Si 2.5 Si/C C/20 2 1200 mah/g 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 400 800 1200 Q (mah/g) 1600 21
LiFeSO 4 F examples Synthesis Li + Structural changes - diffraction Electrochemistry - charge/discharge Electrolyte - ion transfer Cathode material: LiFeSO 4 F Surface chemistry - x-rays 22
Minimising carbon dioxide footprint Ceramic process Bulk Solvothermal process Lower temperatures Hydrothermal process Ionothermal process Economy of atoms q Bio-mineralization process Nano 700 C 120 C 180 C Solid state reaction 200 C 60 C Solution reactions Recham et al., Chem. Mater., 21 (2009) 1096. 28/02/2012 23 The Coming Energy Market
The Lithium-air battery 24
A new generation of green Li-ion batteries LiO O OLi Dilithium dirhodizonate LiO OLi O Lithiated Terahydroquinone Chen et al., Chem Sus Chem, 1 (2008) 25348.
Li-ion batteries the next 20 to 30 years x 2 Energy density 250 Wh/kg, 800Wh/l Sony Sony Sony A123 Nano-cathodes Organic cathodes Li-S Li-air Na-ion chemistry 1990 1995 2005 2007 2015 2020 Future Future Future?????? 26
Micro batteries Nya koncept Same foot-print area (base): 2D thin film Short Li transport path high rate capability (power) 2D thick film Large amount of active material high capacity (energy density) Specific power increases 2D thin film goal 2D thick film Specific energy increases 27
Why moving from 2D to 3D battery design? Same foot-print area (base): 3D thin film Short Li transport path AND Large amount of active materia No need to compromise between energy density and power density E. Perre 28/02/2012 PhD. Thesis 2010 with joint degree from The Université Coming Energy Paul Market Sabatier and Uppsala University 28
3D-microbatteries Current collector of copper 300nm 1μm Current collector of copper deposited with Sb 300nm 29 1μm
Thank You! 30