Advances in Direct Recycling for Lithium-ion Batteries Steve Sloop NDIA Event #7670 Joint Service Power Expo Virgina Beach, VA May 1-4, 2017
Location OnTo Technology is in Bend, Oregon, which has flights to many US West Coast airports
Cost / $/kwh 1400 1200 History and future for cost of Li-ion 1000 Historic Cost 800 600 400 Projected Cost 200 $3 gasoline $2 gas Cost goal ~ $100 0 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 Cost reduction due to improvements in battery chemistry, manufacturing processes, economies of scale and commodities dip
What does recycling cost for Li-ion? Estimates $25-$60/kWh Major part of the future cost goal of $100/kWh. Obviously, this has to decrease for a sustainable EV industry.
Existing Technologies Smelting and hydrometallurgy Costly, uses a lot of energy. Li is lost. Co oriented. How does this work for NMC, LFP?
Giga Watt Sources of Li-ion for Recycle Original Manufacturing Fielded EV and Utility Batteries EV or Utility Service End-of-life Batteries For recycling Servable Market is limited by the Rate of Manufacturing seconds. Field faults. Managed battery lifetime. There is a small market now, and a good opportunity to implement direct recycling. 800 600 400 200 OEM demand Recycle demand 0 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033
OnTo Li-ion Up-cycling Development OnTo: US Based Feasibility and Technical Development. Business: Consulting for EV and Large Format Industrial Products. Evaluation of products for recycle and performance. Development of manufacturing with recycled material. Pleased to announce Upcycling of Lithium-ion Battery Materials, Nissan North America. Upcycled Material Partner: CKE & Meekotech
Full Cell Cycling (mah) Recycled Cell Capacity Percent of Original Capacity Plan for Direct Recycling Early 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2Ah, 100% Recycled cell and New cell. Behave identically the recycled cell is lower cost, higher purity electrode. 0% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 RNMC Ave Discharge Capacity % C/10 NMC Ave Discharge Capacity % C/10 % of Capacity Return in Recycling Rate Capability Charge/Disc harge EV Chem Chem A 100% Match Chem B 100% Match Chem C 100% Match Chem D 80% 90% LiCoO2 100% Match 200 150 100 50 0 Recycle Value EV Chem Gen2 Safety Capacity 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cycle Number 80 60 40 20 0 OEM Cost EV Chem Gen1 Voltage Cycle Life Consider Recycle in the cathode material plan. Plan for recycling to save money and resources. We can help that process.
Full Cell Cycling (mah) Spcific Capacity / mah/g Cell Voltage (V) Flexibility to Electrode Chemistry 4.5 Recycled Li-Iron-Phosphate LFP vs. Lithium Metal 100% 90% 80% Recycled NMC 4 70% 3.5 3 2.5 Before Processing 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% After Processing 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Specific Capacity (mah/g) 10% 0% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 RNMC Ave Discharge Capacity % C/10 NMC Ave Discharge Capacity % C/10 Recycled Spinel-layered metal oxide-mix 200 150 100 50 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 Recycled LCO 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cycle Number 40 20 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Cycle Number
Recent Results: Separation of (+) and (-) Electrodes Rapid process applicable wholebattery shredder residue. Industrially scalable. Feasible with use of patented process technology. Graphite XRD
Voltage Spcific Capacity / mah/g Innovative Processing for Up cycling of Nickel-rich NMC 2.5 0 Capacity 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Standard Recycled 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Charge / Discharge C-Rate NMC//Li button cells, 14-15mg pellet Rate capability and capacity retention of recycled NMC (green) matches or exceeds standard NMC (gray)
Technology Features for EV & Large Battery Business Features Low temperature process. Easy to use no stoichiometric measurements REQUIRED - by other processes. Flexible to Li-ion electrodes. Very high yield, essentially quantitative. Fast process to new-cathode. US and PCT Patented with priority. Service License for direct recycling. Support in EV planning. recycle value. decrease lifetime costs. Increase product marketability. Develop Industrial Scale EV Environmnetal Services. Already Serving a US Based EV Manufacturer!
Direct Recycling Patents What it is: Recovery of the entire electrode material from a battery for use as new electrode. Innovative: Patented Process Technologies reinstate electrochemical activity to spent battery materials. OnTo Activities: Demonstrate proof of concept, model and develop scale 10-100x in order to achieve commercial operation. CKE: Initial Industrial Scale Development site for Direct Recycling. Patent # US 9,484,606 B1 US 8,846,225 US 9,287,552 Chinese # 2016109129500 Pending Chinese # 201580049244.1 Pending 200980136414.4 Issued under Chinese Patent No. ZL200980136414.4 Title Recycling and Reconditioning of Battery Electrode Materials (Sloop et al.) Reintroduction of lithium into recycled battery materials (Sloop) Reintroduction of lithium into recycled battery materials (Sloop) Reintroduction of lithium into recycled battery materials (Sloop) Recycling Positive-Electrode Material of a Lithium-ion Battery (Sloop) Recycling Batteries Having Basic Electrolytes
Battery Deactivation Prototype Liquid CO 2 at 700 psi and room temperature 2 x 89L (2 x 23.5 gallon). 55 lb. Capacity Loose 18650 cells or battery packs. Extracts 90% of battery electrolyte with simple soak for 48 h. Yields battery shells with minimal flammability risk. Developed under NSF SBIR Award # 0750552. US Patents Issued: #7,198,865 #8,497,030 (1) (2) (3) Discharge Extract Pack & Ship Electrolyte Neutralization/ disposal or process for reuse Minimized Risk of Fire
Commercial Scale Agricultural Processing with CO 2 (example) Installation Design for extraction of oils from hops. Supercritical temperature and pressure. Stick-build, mobile, high volume. Example only: shows mobility, ease of construction and operation. August 2004 Anatomy of an SFE Project
Acknowledgements OnTo has received support from the following Federal Research Awards: US Department of Energy (DOE): Small Business Innovation Research Award (SBIR) #DE-SC0006336 US National Science Foundation (NSF): SBIR Awards #0750552, and #1448061 Defense Logistics Agency (DLA): SBIR Contract # SP4701-15-C-0097
CFO and CEO hard at work Contact information: Steve Sloop ssloop@onto-technology.com, 63221 Service Road STE F, Bend Oregon 97703
Contact information: Dr. Steve Sloop: ssloop@onto-technology.com, 63221 Service Road STE F, Bend, Oregon 97703 Dr. Tom Xu: tom@meecotech.com Meecotech Inc, 2734 Loker Ave West, Suite D, Carlsbad, CA 92010