Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Laboratory Activities Foldables Reading and Study Skills activity sheet

Glencoe Science Chapter Resources Electricity Includes: Reproducible Student Pages ASSESSMENT Chapter Tests Chapter Review HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Laboratory Activities Foldables Reading and Study Skills activity sheet MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS Directed Reading for Content Mastery Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish Reinforcement Enrichment Note-taking Worksheets TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES Section Focus Transparency Activities Teaching Transparency Activity Assessment Transparency Activity Teacher Support and Planning Content Outline for Teaching Spanish Resources Teacher Guide and Answers

Glencoe Science Photo Credits Section Focus Transparency 1: D. D. Sentman/University of Alaska; Section Focus Transparency 2: Nik Wheeler/CORBIS; Section Focus Transparency 3: Charles O Rear/CORBIS Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Electricity program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-867157-4 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079 09 08 07 06 05 04

Reproducible Student Pages Reproducible Student Pages Hands-On Activities MiniLAB: Try at Home Investigating the Electric Force............ 3 MiniLAB: Identifying Simple Circuits.......................... 4 Lab: Current in a Parallel Circuit............................. 5 Lab: A Model for Voltage and Current......................... 7 Laboratory Activity 1: Conductivity of Various Metals............. 9 Laboratory Activity 2: Batteries............................. 13 Foldables: Reading and Study Skills.......................... 17 Meeting Individual Needs Extension and Intervention Directed Reading for Content Mastery....................... 19 Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish.............. 23 Reinforcement.......................................... 27 Enrichment............................................. 30 Note-taking Worksheet................................... 33 Assessment Chapter Review......................................... 37 Chapter Test............................................ 39 Transparency Activities Section Focus Transparency Activities........................ 44 Teaching Transparency Activity............................. 47 Assessment Transparency Activity........................... 49 Electricity 1

Hands-On Activities Hands-On Activities 2 Electricity

Investigating the Electric Force Procedure 1. Pour a layer of salt on a plate. 2. Sparingly sprinkle grains of pepper on top of the salt. Do not use too much pepper. 3. Rub a rubber or plastic comb on an article of wool clothing. 4. Slowly drag the comb through the salt and observe. Analysis 1. How did the salt and pepper react to the comb? Hands-On Activities 2. Explain why the pepper reacted differently than the salt. Electricity 3

Hands-On Activities Identifying Simple Circuits Procedure 1. The filament in a lightbulb is a piece of wire. For the bulb to light, an electric current must flow through the filament in a complete circuit. Examine the base of a flashlight bulb carefully. Where are the ends of the filament connected to the base? 2. Connect one piece of wire, a battery, and a flashlight bulb to make the bulb light. (There are four possible ways to do this.) Analysis In the space below, draw and label a diagram showing the path that is followed by the electrons in your circuit. Explain your diagram. 4 Electricity

Current in a Parallel Circuit Lab Preview Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 1. Why should you wear safety goggles while conducting this experiment? Hands-On Activities 2. What is the highest number of bulbs you will attach to the parallel circuit in this lab? The brightness of a lightbulb increases as the current in the bulb increases. In this lab you ll use the brightness of a lightbulb to compare the amount of current that flows in parallel circuits. Real-World Question How does connecting devices in parallel affect the electric current in a circuit? Materials 1.5-V lightbulbs (4) 1.5-V batteries (2) 10-cm-long pieces of insulated wire (8) battery holders (2) minibulb sockets (4) Goals Observe how the current in a parallel circuit changes as more devices are added. Safety Precautions Procedure 1. Connect one lightbulb to the battery in a complete circuit. After you ve made the bulb light, disconnect the bulb from the battery to keep the battery from running down. This circuit will be the brightness tester. 2. Make a parallel circuit by connecting two bulbs as shown in Figure 1. Reconnect the bulb in the brightness tester and compare its brightness with the brightness of the two bulbs in the parallel circuit. Record your observations in the Data and Observations section. 3. Add another bulb to the parallel circuit as shown in Figure 2. How does the brightness of the bulbs change? Record your observations. 4. Disconnect one bulb in the parallel circuit. Record your observations. Figure 1 Figure 2 Electricity 5

Hands-On Activities Data and Observations Step 2 Observations Step 3 Observations (continued) Step 4 Observations Conclude and Apply 1. Describe how the brightness of each bulb depends on the number of bulbs in the circuit. 2. Infer how the current in each bulb depends on the number of bulbs in the circuit. Communicating Your Data Compare your conclusions with those of other students in your class. For more help, refer to the Science Skill Handbook. 6 Electricity

A Model for Voltage and Current Lab Preview Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab. 1. What safety symbols are associated with this lab? Hands-On Activities 2. What is the unit of measure of electric potential energy? The flow of electrons in an electric circuit is something like the flow of water in a tube connected to a water tank. By raising or lowering the height of the tank, you can increase or decrease the potential energy of the water. Real-World Question How does the flow of water in a tube depend on the diameter of the tube and the height the water falls? Materials plastic funnel rubber or plastic tubing of different diameters (1 m each) meterstick ring stand with ring stopwatch *clock displaying seconds hose clamp *binder clip 500-mL beakers (2) *Alternate materials Goals Model the flow of current in a simple circuit. Safety Precautions Procedure 1. Design a data table in which to record your data. It should be similar to the table in your book. 2. Connect the tubing to the bottom of the funnel and place the funnel in the ring of the ring stand. 3. Measure the inside diameter of the rubber tubing. Record your data. 4. Place a 500-mL beaker at the bottom of the ring stand and lower the ring so the open end of the tubing is in the beaker. 5. Use the meterstick to measure the height from the top of the funnel to the bottom of the ring stand. 6. Working with a classmate, pour water into the funnel fast enough to keep the funnel full but not overflowing. Measure and record the time needed for 100 ml of water to flow into the beaker. Use the hose clamp to start and stop the flow of water. 7. Connect tubing with a different diameter to the funnel and repeat steps 2 through 6. 8. Reconnect the original piece of tubing and repeat steps 4 through 6 for several lower positions of the funnel, lowering the height by 10 cm each time. Electricity 7

(continued) Hands-On Activities Data and Observations Analyze Your Data 1. Calculate the rate of flow for each trial by dividing 100 ml by the time measured for 100 ml of water to flow into the beaker. 2. Make a graph to show how the rate of flow depends on the funnel height. Conclude and Apply 1. Infer from your graph how the rate of flow depends on the height of the funnel. 2. Explain how the rate of flow depends on the diameter of the tubing. Is this what you expected to happen? 3. Identify which of the variables you changed in your trials that corresponds to the voltage in a circuit. 4. Identify which of the variables you changed in your trials that corresponds to the resistance in a circuit. 5. Infer from your results how the current in a circuit would depend on the voltage. 6. Infer from your results how the current in a circuit would depend on the resistance in the circuit. Communicating Your Data Share your graph with other students in your class. Did other students draw the same conclusions as you? For more help, refer to the Science Skill Handbook. 8 Electricity

1 Laboratory Activity Conductivity of Various Metals Some materials are excellent conductors of electricity, while other materials do not conduct electricity at all. For example, metals are generally good conductors of electricity, whereas materials like wood and rubber do not conduct electricity. That is why electricians generally wear rubber gloves to protect their hands from electric shock. You will investigate how well various materials conduct electricity. Strategy You will determine how well different materials conduct electricity. You will observe the behavior of a diode. Materials Testable Materials Circuit Parts aluminum foil alligator clips (2) brass screw 20-cm lengths of insulated copper wire (4) copper pipe lightbulbs (2) diode lightbulb holders (2) glass rod 1.5-V batteries (2) graphite (pencil lead) wire strippers nail paper clip plastic pen cap rubber eraser wooden stick CAUTION: Be careful working with sharp objects. Procedure 1. Set up a test circuit as shown in Figure 1 and described below. 2. With wire strippers, carefully scrape off 1 cm of insulation at the end of each wire. 3. Attach two wires to each of the lightbulb holders. 4. Attach one wire from each of the lightbulb holders to one exposed terminal of the batteries. 5. Leave the other wire from each lightbulb holder unattached. Attach an alligator clip to the free ends of the wires. 6. Put a lightbulb in each lightbulb holder. Figure 1 + + Hands-On Activities Electricity 9

Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) Hands-On Activities 7. Before testing each material, predict whether it will allow the lightbulbs to light. Record your prediction in Table 1. 8. Test each material by attaching the alligator clips to each end as shown in Figure 2. Record your observations in Table 1 9. Reverse the direction of current in each material by switching the alligator clips. Record your observations in Table 1. 10. After testing all the materials, dismantle the circuit and place the components where instructed by your teacher. Figure 2 Data and Observations Table 1 Material Prediction before Observations when Observations when connecting initially connected connected in reverse 1. Aluminum foil 2. Brass screw 3. Copper pipe 4. Glass rod 5. Graphite 6. Nail 7. Paper clip 8. Plastic pen cap 9. Rubber eraser 10. Wooden stick 11. Diode 10 Electricity

Laboratory Activity 1 (continued) Questions and Conclusions 1. From the data in Table 1, prepare a list of the materials that are conductors of electricity. 2. From the data in Table 1, prepare a list of materials that are not conductors. Hands-On Activities 3. Did any of the materials appear in both lists? 4. How can you tell when there is a current in the circuit? 5. Were all of the metal materials good conductors of electricity? 6. Of the materials that conducted electricity, were there any nonmetals? 7. Which materials would make good insulators? 8. How could a diode be used in a circuit? Strategy Check Can you determine how well different materials conduct electricity? Can you observe the behavior of a diode? Electricity 11

2 Laboratory Activity Batteries A wet-cell battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Chemical reactions taking place at each of the battery terminals cause electrons to pile up at the negative terminal. Voltage is a measure of the force that causes electrons to flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal through a conductor. The flow of charges through a conductor is current. Strategy You will build wet-cell batteries. You will measure the voltage of the batteries. The amounts of voltage and current produced by a battery depend on the nature and the concentration of the chemicals in the battery. For example, a car battery produces more current and voltage than a flashlight battery does. A car battery also contains chemicals that differ in nature and concentration from the chemicals in a flashlight battery. Hands-On Activities Materials 250-mL beaker wires (2) water aluminum foil, heavy gauge voltmeter paper towels glass rod 100 ml graduated cylinder vinegar alligator clips (2) 0.1 M hydrochloric acid aluminum strip copper strip Procedure 1. Line the inside of a 250-mL beaker with aluminum foil. The foil should hang over the outside edges of the beaker as shown in Figure 1. 2. Place a glass rod across the mouth of the beaker. 3. Using an alligator clip, hang a copper strip from the glass rod into the beaker. The copper strip should hang near one side of the beaker, but the copper strip should NOT touch the aluminum foil. 4. Attach a wire to the alligator clip. Then attach the other end of the wire to the positive (+) terminal of the voltmeter. 5. Attach a second alligator clip to the aluminum foil hanging over the edge of the beaker. This second alligator clip should be attached across from the copper strip as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Glass rod Aluminum foil Copper strip Electricity 13

Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) Hands-On Activities 6. Attach a wire to the second alligator clip and connect the other end of this wire to the negative ( ) terminal of the voltmeter as shown in Figure 2. 7. Observe the wet cell and record any changes in Table 1. Observe the voltage on the voltmeter and record it in Table 1. 8. Carefully add 75 ml of 0.1 M HCl to the foil-lined beaker. CAUTION: HCl can cause burns. Rinse any acid spills immediately with water. 9. After adding HCl, observe the wet cell and notice any changes to the system. Record your observations in Table 1. 10. Observe the voltage on the voltmeter and record the reading in Table 1. 11. Disconnect the wires. Under your teacher s supervision, carefully empty the acid from the beaker. Thoroughly rinse the beaker and copper strip with water and dry them with paper towels. Discard the aluminum foil. 12. Repeat steps 1 through 10 using vinegar instead of HCl. Be sure to always use new aluminum foil. Data and Observations Table 1 13. Repeat steps 1 through 10 using an aluminum strip instead of the copper strip. Be sure to use fresh hydrochloric acid and fresh aluminum foil. Figure 2 Wet cell + Voltmeter Battery conditions Changes to system Voltage reading 1. Without liquid 2. HCI, copper, aluminum 3. Vinegar, copper, aluminum 4. HCI, aluminum, aluminum 14 Electricity

Laboratory Activity 2 (continued) Questions and Conclusions 1. From the data in Table 1, determine which battery conditions produced the largest voltage. 2. Which liquid HCl or vinegar produced a higher voltage? Explain. Hands-On Activities 3. How do you know that a chemical reaction took place in the battery after the vinegar was added? 4. What metals were used to produce the batteries? How did they affect the results? 5. How did the effect of hydrochloric acid on the copper strip differ from its effect on the aluminum foil? Strategy Check Can you build a wet-cell battery? Can you measure the voltages produced by different wet-cell batteries? Electricity 15

Electricity Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter. Electricity Hands-On Activities Electric Charge Electric Current Electric Circuit a closed conducting loop the flow of charge through a conductor the net result of the number of protons and electrons in a body can be positive or negative can be series or parallel difficulty of flow is called resistance Electricity 17

Meeting Individual Needs Meeting Individual Needs 18 Electricity

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Overview Electricity Directions: Use the following terms to complete the concept map below. circuit parallel the same different I = V/R Ohm s Current electricity which can be designed using 2. law flows in a 1. series circuit two types of which are 5. circuit Meeting Individual Needs which can be written as 3. in which all included devices receive Directions: Number the following statements so that they are in the correct order. 7. The boy puts his hand on the doorknob. 8. The boy walks to the door of his room. 9. The boy walks across the carpet. 10. The boy feels a slight shock from static electricity. 4. current in which all included devices receive 6. current Electricity 19

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 Electric Charge Directions: Place a C on the line to the left of each item that is a conductor. Place an I on the line to left of each item that is an insulator. 1. glass 4. wool 7. wood 2. gold 5. copper 8. rubber 3. plastic 6. your body 9. aluminum Meeting Individual Needs Directions: Use the figures below to mark the following statements T for true or F for false. Explain your answers. In Figure A, a charged rod is repelling a copper ball. In Figure B, two charged balls are attracted. Figure A Figure B Copper ball and rod repelled + + + + Hard rubber rod Charged balls attracted + + 1 2 + + 10. In Figure A, the rod is positively charged. 11. In Figure B, ball 1 has a negative charge. 12. In Figure B, the positively charged rod will be attracted to ball 2. 20 Electricity

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 2 Electric Current Section 3 Electric Circuits Directions: Use the diagrams to answer the questions below. A is a battery, B is a switch, and C is a lightbulb. Figure 1 B Bulb 1 Bulb 2 Bulb 3 A Figure 2 B C Point 1 Meeting Individual Needs A Point 2 1. What kind of circuit is Figure 1? 2. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 1? 3. If the switch was closed in Figure 1, how many of the bulbs would be lit? 4. If the circuit was cut at point 1, would any bulbs be lit? If so, which ones? 5. What kind of circuit is Figure 2? 6. Are the lightbulbs lit in Figure 2? 7. If the circuit was cut at point 2, would either bulb be lit? Electricity 21

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Key Terms Electricity Meeting Individual Needs Directions: Write the correct term next to its description below. electric field circuit conductors electric current voltage electric force insulators parallel circuit resistance electrical power Ohm s Law ion static charge series circuit electric discharge 1. the buildup of electric charges on an object 2. materials that allow electrons to move through them easily 3. materials through which electrons cannot move easily 4. the steady flow of electrons through a conductor 5. an unbroken path through which an electric current can flow 6. the measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a material 7. a circuit with one path along which current can flow 8. a circuit with more than one path along which current can flow 9. an atom with a positive or negative charge 10. measure of how much electricity a power source can provide 11. causes charged particles to attract or repel each other 12. relationship between voltage, current, and resistance 13. area around an electric charge which is strongest closest to the charged particle 14. rate at which electrical energy is converted to another type of energy 15. rapid movement of electric charge from one place to another 22 Electricity

Nombre Fecha Clase Lectura dirigida para Dominio del contenido Sinopsis Electricidad Instrucciones: Usa los siguientes términos para completar el mapa conceptual. circuito en paralelo la misma diferente I = V/R de Ohm que se puede diseñar usando 2. la ley La corriente eléctrica fluye en un(a) 1. circuito en serie de los cuales dos ejemplos son 5. circuito Satisface las necesidades individuales y que se puede escribir como 3. en que todos los dispositivos incluidos reciben Instrucciones: Enumera los siguientes enunciados y ordénalos. 7. El niño pone la mano en la perilla de la puerta. 8. El niño camina hacia la puerta de su cuarto. 9. El niño camina por la alfombra. 10. El niño siente un choque leve de electricidad estática. 4. corriente en que todos los dispositivos incluidos reciben 6. corriente Electricidad 23

Nombre Fecha Clase Lectura dirigida para Dominio del contenido Sección 1 Carga eléctrica Satisface las necesidades individuales Instrucciones: Escribe una C en el espacio a la izquierda de cada artículo si es u conductor. Escribe una A si es un aislante. 1. vidrio 4. lana 7. madera 2. oro 5. cobre 8. hule 3. plástico 6. tu cuerpo 9. aluminio Instrucciones: Usa las figuras para marcar cada afirmación como Verdadera (V) o Falsa (F). Explica tus respuestas. En la Figura A, una barra cargada está repeliendo a una bola de cobre. En la Figura B, dos bolas cargadas se atraen. + + + + Bola de cobre y barra se repelen Barra de hule duro Bolas con carga se atraen + + 1 2 + + Figura A Figura B 10. En la Figura A, la barra tiene carga positiva. 11. En la Figura B, la bola 1 tiene carga negativa. 12. En la Figura B, la barra de carga positiva será atraída por la bola 2. 24 Electricidad

Nombre Fecha Clase Lectura dirigida para Dominio del contenido Instrucciones: Usa los diagramas para contestar las preguntas. A es una batería, B es un interruptor y C es una bombilla. Figura 1 B Sección 2 Corriente eléctrica Sección 3 Circuitos eléctricos Bombilla 1 Bombilla 2 Bombilla 3 A Figura 2 A B C Punto 2 Punto 1 Satisface las necesidades individuales 1. Qué tipo de circuito es la Figura 1? 2. En la Figura 1, están encendidas las bombillas? 3. Si en la Figura 1 se cerrara el circuito, cuántas bombillas se encenderían? 4. Si el circuito se cortara en el punto 1, se encendería alguna bombilla? Si fuera así, cuáles? 5. Qué tipo de circuito es la Figura 2? 6. Están prendidas las bombillas en la Figura 2? 7. Si el circuito se cortara en el punto 2, se encendería alguna bombilla? Electricidad 25

Nombre Fecha Clase Lectura dirigida para Dominio del contenido Términos claves Electricidad Satisface las necesidades individuales Instrucciones: Escribe el término correcto al lado de cada descripción. campo eléctrico circuito conductores corriente eléctrica voltaje fuerza eléctrica aislantes circuito en paralelo resistencia potencia eléctrica ley de Ohm ion carga estática circuito en serie descarga eléctrica 1. acumulación de cargas en un objeto 2. materiales que permiten que los electrones se muevan a través de ellos con facilidad 3. materiales a través de los cuales no pasan los electrones 4. flujo constante de electrones por un conductor 5. ruta ininterrumpida por la cual puede pasar una corriente eléctrica 6. medida de la dificultad que tienen los electrones de fluir por un material 7. circuito con una sola ruta por la que puede pasar la electricidad 8. circuito con más de una ruta por la que puede pasar la electricidad 9. átomo con carga positiva o negativa 10. medida de la cantidad de electricidad que una fuente puede proporcionar 11. causa que las partículas cargadas se atraigan o se repelan 12. relación entre el voltaje, la corriente y la resistencia 13. área alrededor de una carga eléctrica que es más fuerte entre más cerca esté de la partícula cargada 14. tasa a la cual la energía eléctrica se convierte en otro tipo de energía 15. movimiento rápido de una carga eléctrica de un sitio a otro 26 Electricidad

1 Reinforcement Electric Charge Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 8 7 10 11 Meeting Individual Needs 12 13 Across 1. Negatively charged atomic particle 6. Can result from touching uninsulated wire 7. Positively charged atomic particle 9. Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus (3 words) 11. What like charges do. 13. Something electrons cannot move through easily 14. Tiny particle of matter 14 Down 2. Metal used for electrical wire 3. Gets stronger as you get closer to an electric charge (2 words) 4. Something electrons move through easily 5. What opposite charges do 8. Charge of an atom that has lost electrons 10. Atomic particle that has no charge 12. Buildup of electric charges Electricity 27

2 Reinforcement Electric Current Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below. chemical reactions ohms electric potential energy resistance volts electric current negative positive V circuit Meeting Individual Needs Life as we know it would be impossible without electricity. Think of the number of electrical devices we rely on every day: lights, refrigerators, computers, televisions, flashlights, car headlights, watches the list is endless. All of these devices, and countless others, need a constant, steady source of electrical energy. This steady source of electrical energy comes from a(n) 1., which is the steady flow of electrons through a conductor. This steady flow of electricity requires a closed path, or 2., through which to flow. Its basic elements are a conductor, such as wire, through which electrons flow and a source of electrons, such as a battery. An electric current carries energy that comes from separating positive and negative charges. Negatively charged electrons seek out positively charged electrons to recombine. This can only happen if they travel through the circuit. In a circuit, the electrons flow from the 3. end to the 4. end. A familiar source of electrons in electric circuits is a battery. The total stored electrical energy in a battery the energy available to do work is called 5.. This energy is measured in units called 6., which is abbreviated 7.. Batteries rely on 8. to separate positive and negative electrical charges. When the negative and positive ends of the charges are connected by a conductor, a circuit forms and the electrical energy is available to do work. However, the electrons don t flow completely freely through the circuit. Depending on the material used for the conductor, the electrons have more or less difficulty flowing. The measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a circuit is called 9.. This is measured in units called 10.. 28 Electricity

3 Reinforcement Electric Circuits Directions: Use the terms and statements from the list below to complete the table. kilowatt amount of electric energy used by a device series: a circuit that has only one path for the electric current to follow Ohm s law power = current voltage series circuit parallel: a circuit that has more than one path for the electric current to follow watt voltage = current resistance kw P = I V parallel circuit V = I R W Important Facts About Electric Circuits 1. There is a relationship among voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit. a. Name of law: b. Expression of law: c. Equation: Meeting Individual Needs 2. There are two types of electric circuits. a. Two types of circuits: (1) (2) b. Definitions of these circuits: (1) (2) 3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured. a. Definition of electrical power: b. Unit of electrical power: (1) Name: (2) Abbreviation: (3) Term for 1000 units: (4) Abbreviation for 1000 units: c. Determining the electrical (1) Expression: power of a circuit: (2) Formula: Electricity 29

1 Enrichment Lightning Varieties Lightning is one of nature s most spectacular phenomena. It is also one of the most common. At any given moment, about 2,000 thunderstorms take place around the world. In the United States, lightning strikes hit millions of points every year. Meeting Individual Needs The most familiar lightning bolts are cloud-to-ground lightning. The bottom of the cloud is negatively charged, while the ground is positively charged. Static energy moves from the bottom of the cloud to the ground in sections called step-leaders. That s why the bolts appear jagged. As a step-leader gets close to the ground, a positively charged bolt called a leader flashes up from the ground to meet it. This is ground-to-cloud lightning. The most common lightning doesn t hit the ground. Lightning that goes between sections of a cloud is called intracloud lightning. 1. What are the common features of all of these forms of lightning? 2. Why are we usually unaware of ground-to-cloud lightning? It redistributes energy between positive and negative areas in the same cloud. Usually, an intracloud lightning bolt is not visible. Instead it looks like a broad flash in the sky and is often called sheet lightning. Lightning between oppositely charged areas of different clouds is called cloud-to-cloud lightning. Lightning can also move from a cloud to a charged air pocket. This lightning is called cloud-to-air lightning. Lightning can discharge 100 million volts of electricity and reach temperatures of over 33,000 C. 30 Electricity

2 Enrichment How much electricity do you use? Janet and Jonas are working on a budget. To plan on costs for electricity, they gathered information about how much energy their appliances use in a year. The information they used is listed in the table. Then they investigated the electric power supplier to learn more about costs. The chart to the right lists Janet and Jonas s common household appliances and how much electricity they use in one year. The electric company bills people for the amount of electricity they use, based on a unit called the kilowatt-hour. A kilowatt-hour equals the amount of energy produced by one kilowatt of power in one hour. 1. Imagine that the electric company charges $0.13 for a kilowatt-hour. Calculate how much each of these appliance would cost Janet and Jonas per month. a. Doing the laundry Appliance Kilowatt-hours used per year Dishwasher 363 Microwave oven 190 Toaster 39 Washing machine 103 Clothes dryer 933 Vacuum cleaner 46 Hair dryer 14 Color television 440 Meeting Individual Needs b. Using the microwave oven c. Vacuuming the house d. Watching television e. Running the dishwasher 2. Find out how much electricity costs in your area by checking a recent bill or by calling your electric company. Then calculate your family s yearly cost for each of the items above. Electricity 31

3 Enrichment To Resist or Not to Resist Meeting Individual Needs Georg Ohm was a German physicist born in 1787. He is most famous for his work studying the resistance of materials to electric current. Ohm discovered the relationship between an electric current and the materials through which it passes. He learned that the amount of steady current that passes through a material is directly proportional to the potential difference (voltage) and inversely proportional to the resistance of that material. In 1827 he established that resistance for a circuit was generally constant at a fixed temperature. Ohm s Law Ohm s law states that resistance is equal to the electromotive force, measured in potential difference, or volts (V), divided by the current, measured in ampheres (I). In other words, R=V/I. The unit of measure for electrical resistance is named after George Ohm. The ohm is equal to the resistance that allows one amphere (I) to flow through one volt (V). Applies to Alternating Current Ohm s law not only applies to direct current circuits, but with modification, to alternating currents as well. With alternating current, the current varies, so in addition to resistance, another form of opposition arises, called reactance. Resistance combined with reactance forms impedance. Electricians apply Ohm s law when calculating the efficiency of a circuit. They can determine how components such as capacitors, transistors, and connecting wires will affect current flow. 1. What is the current through a 40-ohm resistance that has a potential difference of 160 volts? 2. If the headlight on your mom s car has a resistance of 32 ohms and the car battery put out 12 V, what is the current through the headlight circuit? 3. The motor for your electric car is attached to a generator. The motor has a resistance of 28 ohms and the current is 3.8 amperes (A). What is the generator s voltage? 4. If a clock radio uses 2 10 4 A of current when you run it on a 3-V battery, what resistance is its circuit providing? 32 Electricity

Note-taking Worksheet Electricity Section 1 Electric Charge A. Electricity begins at the level where protons and electrons have electric charge. 1. carry a positive change. 2. Electrons carry a charge. 3. form when atoms lose or gain electrons and become positively or negatively charged. 4. Electrons can move from object to object; is the buildup of electric charge on an object. 5. A flow of charge can be caused by ions moving in a. B. All objects exert an on each other; it can be attractive or repulsive. 1. Like charges repel, unlike charges. 2. Electric charges exert a force on each other at a distance through an Meeting Individual Needs which exists around every electric charge. C. material which does not allow electrons to move easily; material that allows electrons to move easily; metals are the best conductors. D. rapid movement of excess charge from one place to another; lightning is an electric discharge. E. provides a pathway to drain excess charge into the Earth; lightning rods provide grounding for many buildings. Section 2 Electric Current A. flow of charge through a conductor 1. In solids the flowing charges are ; in liquids the flowing charges are positive or negative ions. a. closed conducting loop through which electric currents continuously flow Electricity 33

Note-taking Worksheet (continued) b. Current can do work in an electric device; it carries electrical energy through wire. c. measure of how much electric energy an electron in a circuit can gain from a battery. d. Electrons move in a circuit and have millions and millions of. 2. The voltage of a battery depends on the amount and type of used to create the chemical reactions in a battery. Meeting Individual Needs 3. Batteries when the original chemicals are used up and the chemical reactions in the battery stop. B. measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow through a material 1. Insulators generally have much resistance then conductors. 2. The amount of electric energy that is converted into thermal energy as the resistance of wire increases. 3. The length and of a wire affect electron flow. Section 3 Electric Circuits A. The amount of current is determined by the supplied by a battery and the resistance of the conductor. 1. As the resistance in an electric current increases, the current in the circuit. 2. current = voltage/resistance 3. When the voltage in a circuit increases, the increases. B. There are kinds of basic circuits: series and parallel. 1. A circuit has only one path for the electric current to follow if the path is broken, the current will no longer flow and all devices in the circuit stop working. 2. A circuit has more than one path for the electric current to follow. C. For safety, circuits in homes and buildings have or circuit breakers that limit the amount of current in the wiring. 34 Electricity

Note-taking Worksheet (continued) D. rate at which an appliance converts electrical energy to another form of energy 1. Power = current voltage 2. The unit of power is the. 3. Electric companies charge customers for the number of they use in a month. E. Electricity can be. 1. Current can enter your body and shock you when your body accidentally becomes part of an electric circuit. 2. Lightning can be deadly; if caught outdoors near lightning use lightning-safety precautions. Meeting Individual Needs Electricity 35

Assessment Assessment 36 Electricity

Chapter Review Electricity Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Use the clues to complete the puzzle. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Across 2. Circuit with more than one path 4. A material that current does not easily flow through 8. Rapid movement of excess electrons from one place to another (2 words) 11. Rate at which electric energy is converted to another form (2 words) 12. Closed path through which current can flow 13. Buildup of electric charges in one place (2 words) 13 12 Down 1. Exists around every electric charge (2 words) 3. Steady flow of electrons (2 words) 5. Circuit with only one path 6. Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance (2 words) 7. Measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow 9. A material that current flows through easily 10. Measure of electrical potential energy Assessment Electricity 37

Chapter Review (continued) Assessment Part B. Concept Review Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. 1. An object becomes positively charged if it. 2. Objects with unlike charges each other. 3. The farther you get from an electric charge, the the electric field. 4. When an object is grounded, it becomes electrically. 5. A simple circuit consists of a conductor, wires, and. 6. As energy carried by a current increases, increases. 7. Electric energy can be stored by charges. 8. In a battery, electrons flow from the terminal to the terminal. 9. When a wire is made thicker, its resistance. 10. The unit used to measure electric current is the. 11. According to Ohm s law, voltage =. 12. If a 1.5-V battery is connected in a simple circuit to a lightbulb with a resistance of 8 ohms, the amount of current flowing through the circuit is. 13. In a series circuit, each device that is added to the circuit decreases the. 14. If you multiply the voltage in a circuit by the current, you are finding the of the circuit. 15. Electric energy usage on your electric bill is measured in. Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 16. How are series and parallel circuits similar? How are they different? 17. What are two ways an electric shock can harm the body? 38 Electricity

Transparency Activities Transparency Activities Electricity 43

1 Section Focus Transparency Activity A Spritely Vision The lightning that we usually see is below the clouds, but there is activity high above the clouds, too. These events have some pretty fanciful names, like sprites, elves, and blue jets. This photo shows the red flash of a sprite, which sometimes occurs during thunderstorms. Transparency Activities 1. What is lightning? 2. How does this sprite appear similar to lightning? Different? 3. How is a flash of lightning different from a glowing lightbulb? 44 Electricity

2 Section Focus Transparency Activity Go with the Flow! Highways in heavily used areas are designed with many lanes to keep traffic moving, but sometimes it doesn t work. 1. Describe what is happening in the picture. What would traffic be like if there were the same number of cars but fewer lanes? What would traffic be like if there were the same number of cars but twice as many lanes? 2. How might the flow of traffic on a road be like the flow of electricity in a wire? Transparency Activities Electricity 45

3 Section Focus Transparency Activity In the Chips A few decades ago, a single computer was the size of a classroom. Today s laptops, however, are smaller, faster, and have more memory. Much of this change is due to the development of microcircuits like the silicon chip in this photo. Transparency Activities 1. Micro means small or minute. What advantages do very small circuits offer? 2. List three things that you use every day that have a circuit. 3. Which items in your home do you think use the most electricity? 46 Electricity

2 Teaching Transparency Activity Flowing Current Transparency Activities Electricity 47

Teaching Transparency Activity (continued) 1. How is the potential energy of the water increased? 2. What measures the potential energy of the water? What measures the potential energy of electric current? 3. What causes the water wheel to do work? 4. How does electric current transfer energy? 5. How would the movement of the water wheel differ if the height of the pipes were increased? Transparency Activities 6. What is a circuit? When a circuit is connected to a battery, which direction do the electrons flow? 48 Electricity

Assessment Transparency Activity Electricity Directions: Carefully review the table and answer the following questions. Approximate Cost of Electricity for Some Appliances Appliance Wattage Average daily use (hours) Approximate cost per month Air cleaner 35 24 $2.00 Box fan 100 24 $5.75 Clothes dryer 5,000 1/2 $6.00 Color TV (19 inch) 70 6 $1.05 Personal computer 150 8 $2.90 Laser printer 70 2 $0.30 1. Which of the listed appliances costs the most to operate each month? A Box fan C Clothes dryer B Personal computer D Color TV 2. According to the table, if two appliances are used for the same number of hours, the one with higher wattage will cost. F more to operate H the same to operate G less to operate J can t answer from table 3. The color TV costs more to operate than the laser printer because. A the wattage of the color TV is higher B the color TV is on longer C the color TV is bigger D the power company charges more for TVs Transparency Activities Electricity 49