IHS Chemical Special Report Global Solvents: Opportunities for Greener Solvents by Eric Linak and Sebastian N. Bizzari August 2013 ihs.com/chemical
The information provided in this publication has been obtained from a variety of sources, which IHS Chemical believes to be reliable. IHS Chemical makes no warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information in this publication. Consequently, IHS Chemical will not be liable for any technical inaccuracies, typographical errors or omissions contained in this publication. This publication is provided without warranties of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or non-infringement. IN NO EVENT WILL IHS CHEMICAL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR THE LIKE) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS PUBLICATION, EVEN IF IT WAS NOTIFIED ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. BECAUSE SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN SUCH STATES IHS CHEMICAL S LIABILITY IS LIMITED TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY SUCH LAW. Certain statements in this publication are projections or other forward-looking statements. Any such statements contained herein are based upon IHS Chemical s current knowledge and assumptions about future events, including, without limitation, anticipated levels of global demand and supply, expected costs, trade patterns, and general economic, political, and marketing conditions. Although IHS Chemical believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, it cannot, and does not, guarantee, without limitation, future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Readers should verify through independent thirdparty sources any estimates, projections or other forward-looking statements or data contained herein before reaching any conclusions or making any investment decisions. IHS Chemical is not responsible for the Reader s use of any information in this publication. The absence of a specific trademark designation within this publication does not mean that proprietary rights may not exist in a particular name. No listing, description or designation in this publication is to be construed as affecting the scope, validity, or ownership of any trademark rights that may exist therein. IHS Chemical makes no warranties as to the accuracy of any such listing, description or designation, nor to the validity or ownership of any trademark. August 2013 2 2013 IHS
Table of Contents Summary... 9 Summary of world consumption... 16 Introduction... 35 What is a green solvent?... 42 Types of green solvents... 43 Selecting green solvents... 45 Industry structure... 50 Size of the solvents industry... 50 Major producers of solvents... 59 ExxonMobil... 59 Shell... 60 Dow Chemical... 63 Eastman Chemical... 68 BASF... 70 INEOS... 72 OXEA... 74 Celanese... 75 Total... 75 Distributors... 76 Environmental regulations... 80 U.S. legislation... 80 Clean Air Act... 80 Title I VOC regulations... 81 Title III Hazardous Air Pollutants... 82 Other U.S. legislation... 83 European legislation... 92 IPPC directive... 92 VOC solvents emissions directive... 93 National emission ceilings directive... 94 Third daughter directive on ozone... 94 Dangerous preparations directive... 95 Paint directive... 95 Clean air for Europe program... 95 Atmospheric explosive directive... 96 REACH legislation... 96 United Nations Economic Community for Europe (UNECE)... 97 Japanese legislation... 97 Chinese legislation... 99 Markets... 99 Paints and coatings... 99 Overview... 99 Environmental legislation... 101 August 2013 3 2013 IHS
North America... 101 Europe... 105 Japan... 110 China... 111 Lower-solvent-containing technologies... 112 Paints and coatings markets... 117 Solvent consumption... 127 Solvent consumption by binder technology... 135 Alkyds... 136 Epoxy... 138 Urethanes... 140 Acrylics... 143 Vinyls... 147 Polyesters... 149 Cellulosics... 150 Amino resins... 153 Outlook for solvent consumption in coatings... 154 Pharmaceuticals... 155 Adhesives and sealants... 174 Overview... 174 Adhesives and sealants markets... 178 North America... 178 Japan... 185 China... 187 Inks... 188 Overview... 188 Solvent consumption... 190 Lithographic and letterpress printing... 192 Flexographic and rotogravure printing... 193 Screen printing... 196 Inkjet printing... 196 Personal care... 196 Household products/car care... 199 Regulations... 200 Chemical manufacturing... 213 Extraction... 213 Separation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons... 213 Lubricating oil extraction... 214 Caprolactam extraction... 215 Acetic acid... 215 Butadiene... 215 Acetylene... 216 Bitumen recovery from oil sands... 216 Advanced carbon capture... 217 Soil remediation... 217 Biotechnology separation processes... 218 Oilseed processing... 218 Bio-based C3... 219 Ore refining... 219 Amino acids... 220 August 2013 4 2013 IHS
Nuclear fuel processing... 221 Processing solvents... 221 Polycarbonate... 221 Propylene oxide via HPPO... 222 Epoxy resins... 222 Polyphenylene ether... 222 Polyphenylene sulfide... 222 Fibers... 222 Linear alpha-olefins... 223 Elastomers... 223 Linear polyethylene... 224 Aldehydes... 224 Fluoropolymers... 224 Bioethanol... 225 Metal cleaning... 225 Overview... 225 Metal cleaning markets... 225 Cold cleaning... 225 Vapor degreasing... 226 Alternative nonsolvent processes for metal cleaning... 233 Agriculture... 238 Overview... 238 Environmental legislation... 241 Alternative solvents for agricultural use... 244 Food processing... 244 Extraction... 244 Hydrocarbons... 245 Halogenated solvents... 245 Water... 246 Acetone... 246 Alcohols... 246 Supercriticial solvents... 246 Refining... 247 Dry cleaning... 247 Overview... 247 Environmental legislation... 250 Solvent consumption... 252 Alternative solvents for dry cleaning... 253 Hydrocarbon solvent cleaning... 253 Glycol ethers... 254 Silicone fluids... 254 Hydrofluorocarbons... 255 n-propyl bromide... 255 Carbon dioxide cleaning... 255 Professional wet cleaning... 256 Green jet... 257 Polymer bead... 257 Comparison of dry cleaning methods... 257 Market situation for dry cleaning solvents... 259 Miscellaneous markets... 261 August 2013 5 2013 IHS
Electronics... 261 Precision cleaning... 266 Aerosol solvent cleaning... 269 Paint removers... 271 Methylene chloride based paint strippers... 272 Acetone-, toluene- and methanol-based strippers... 274 N-Methylpyrrolidone- (NMP-) based strippers... 274 Dibasic ester (DBE-) based strippers... 275 Benzyl alcohol based strippers... 275 Ethyl lactate... 276 Nonsolvent-based strippers... 276 Solvents... 277 Oxygenates... 279 Alcohols... 279 Description... 279 Methanol... 279 Ethanol... 281 Isopropanol... 283 n-propanol... 285 n-butanol... 286 Isobutanol... 290 Benzyl alcohol... 292 Other alcohols... 293 Ketones... 294 Description... 294 Acetone... 295 Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)... 297 Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)... 300 Other ketones... 302 Glycols, glycol ethers and their acetates... 304 Description... 304 Glycols... 305 Glycol ethers and acetates... 309 Esters... 315 Description... 315 Acetates... 316 Ethyl acetate... 316 n-butyl acetate... 318 Methyl acetate... 319 n-propyl acetate... 320 Isopropyl acetate... 320 Isobutyl acetate... 321 tert-butyl acetate... 322 Amyl acetate... 323 2-Ethylhexyl acetate... 324 Propionates... 324 n-propyl propionate... 324 n-butyl propionate... 324 Ethyl-3-ethoxypropionate... 325 August 2013 6 2013 IHS
n-pentyl propionate... 325 Butyrates... 325 Isobutyl isobutyrate... 325 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate... 325 Carbonates... 326 Dimethyl carbonate... 326 Propylene carbonate... 328 Dibasic esters... 328 Esters from renewable sources... 329 Methyl soyate... 329 Ethyl lactate... 331 Methyl lactate and other lactates... 332 Propylene glycol monoesters... 332 Dimethylsuccinate (DMS)... 333 Ethers... 333 Description... 333 Tetrahydrofuran... 334 Acetals... 335 Methyl tert-butyl ether... 338 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran... 338 Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME)... 338 Glycol diethers (glymes)... 339 1,4-Dioxane... 340 Hydrocarbons... 340 Aliphatic hydrocarbons... 342 Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents... 347 Toluene... 348 Xylene... 350 Other aromatic solvents... 351 Cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons... 352 Terpenes... 352 Turpentine... 353 Dipentene... 354 Pine oil... 356 Halogenated solvents... 356 Chlorinated solvents... 359 Perchloroethylene... 359 Trichloroethylene... 363 Methylene chloride... 367 Methyl chloroform... 370 trans-1,2-dichloroethylene... 371 Fluorinated solvents... 371 Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs)... 371 Chlorofluorocarbon 113... 371 Hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons (HCFCs)... 372 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 123... 372 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 141b... 372 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 225ca/cb... 373 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)... 374 Hydrofluorocarbon 245fa... 374 August 2013 7 2013 IHS
Hydrofluorocarbon 365mfc... 375 Hydrofluorocarbon 4310mee... 375 Hydrofluoroethers... 377 Hydrofluoroether olefins... 378 Other halogenated solvents... 379 Perfluorocarbons and perfluoropolyethers... 379 n-propyl bromide... 379 p-chlorobenzotrifluoride... 381 Other... 382 Other solvents... 382 N,N-Dimethylformamide... 383 N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone... 385 Acetonitrile... 387 Cresylic acid... 389 Dimethylacetamide... 390 Miscellaneous solvents... 391 Methylamine and dimethylamine... 391 Nitroparaffins... 391 Methylsiloxanes... 392 Furfuryl alcohol... 392 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol... 392 Dimethyl sulfoxide... 393 Tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide... 393 Polyethylene glycol... 394 Carbon dioxide... 394 Ionic liquids... 400 August 2013 8 2013 IHS