MEDSolar Training Course Module 1 Microgrids with PV support

Concept of microgrid and smart microgrid. Profiles in generation/consumption sides. Hardware blocks of the microgrid. Connection to the mains and autonomous (islanding) modes. Energy management system (EMS) of the microgrid. SCADA capabilities. Cases of study: MED-Solar pilot plants. Index

Concept of microgrid and smart microgrid. Profiles in generation and in consumption sides. Hardware blocks of the microgrid. Connection to the mains and autonomous (islanding) modes. Energy management system (EMS) of the microgrid. SCADA capabilities. Cases of study: MED-Solar pilot plants.

The most complex man-made system are distribution and transport electricity grids GLOBAL ENERGY GRID (Source: GIS 2010, Dymaxion Projection) Central gen.

Structure: central generation An electric grid system (Source: R. Strzelecki and G. Benysek) Based on large centralized power plants. Large synchronous generators and turbines. Unidirectional power flow (load demand) drawbacks

Some drawbacks At generation level - Robustness; Efficiency; Impact and environmental sensitivity; Some fuels are polluting and others (atomkraft, nein danke!) are viewed with skepticism; Very high renovation costs; Obsolescence. At transmission level - Control voltage by reactive consumption; Thermal limit depends on the voltage and reactance and imposes the limit of transmitted power; Transient and Dynamic stability due to requests from the load points. At distribution level - Need of supply quality (nonlinear and critical loads); Need of communication and control systems. distributed gen.

The solution is distributed generation The above problems can be minimized (Lasseter 2001) using add-ons to the existing network based on: Distributed Generation (DG, Distributed Generation). Power Flow Control (PFC, Power Flow Control). Storage Systems (ESS, Energy Storage Systems). And even better if: Using CIM (Computer-Integrated Manufacturing) layers. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System). Using power electronics and instrumentation technologies (i. e. the CUPS, Custom Power Systems, FACTS, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System), Smart Metering". µgrid scheme

The solution is distributed generation ESS DG ESS DG DG DG MAINS PFC (SCADA ) LOADS Bidirectional power flow From http://electrical-engineering-portal.com µgrid definitions

Microgrid and Smart Microgrid Concepts An electric-energy system with DG + PFC + ESS is called microgrid. The original term was coined by Dr. Robert H. Lasseter in 1998. A microgrid (electric-energy system with DG + PFC + ESS) with SCADA + CIM, is called smart microgrid. The concepts and components used with this two last blocs (SCADA+CIM) are called Energy Management System (EMS). NOTE 1 (Non-formal microgrid definition). A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. If desired, a microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid connected or island-mode. NOTE 2. A clasification of Microgrids is done in module 2 of this course. benefits

Oportunities related to (Smart) Microgrid Systems Support the integration of renewable resources. Improve reliability and power quality. Support emergency operations. Ability to ride through outages. Optimize energy usage. Enable participation in new markets for demand response and ancillary services. (Source: T. Bialek, SDGE)t Hard. Blocks MED

Smart Micro-Grid. MED-case Hardware Block Diagram Renewable Generation Mains Power Lines Loads Auxiliary Energy Production (Source: UPC)t Static Power Converters Energy Storage System EMS conceptual

Smart Micro-Grid. Conceptual Energy Management System EMS: communication (Source: UPC)t profiles

A microgrid is a link between generation side and consumption side Generation Side Consumption Side Main AC Grid Microgrid Local distribution line PV Field Passive loads Genset group (Source: UPC)t Storage PV profile

An example: Hybrid PV-diesel Microgrid in a rural village Generation Side Consumption Side The microgrid must be designed (power sizing of each element) to satisfy the consumption needs at any time. Time scales

Time scale dependence in the design Example: School La Pineda (Badalona, Spain). Monday to Friday load Saturday and Sunday load Averaged-week load Monthly production capabilities. (Source: UPC)t Different profiles depending on the time scale Hardware blocks

Smart (micro) Grid Hardware. Practical Approach blocks

Smart (micro) Grid Hardware. Practical Approach An Smart micro-grid includes 6 basic hardware (with software!) blocks: 1. Generation from renewable 2. Distribution / transportation with PFC 3. Monitoring and control 4. Energy storage system (ESS) 5. Smart metering 6. Efficient power management (Energy Management System, EMS) (Source: Infineon)tr RES

1.- Use of renewable sources General aspects The decentralized generation should ensure the robustness in the micro-grid. Static power processors convert electrical energy generation suited to the grid. The static conversion of electrical energy must also be employed to neutralize shocks and stabilize the energy flow. (Source: Infineon)tr distribution

2.- Distribution / transportation lines General aspects The energy produced (by renewable or conventional sources) must be transported with low losses. The distribution may be by AC lines or low voltage DC lines ( 1 kv), but always minimizing losses. In DC buses voltage inverters (VSC) have a primary role. The FACTS must compensate reactive power in CA lines. (Source: Infineon)tr monitoring

3.- Monitoring and Supervisory control General aspects Monitoring and Supervision systems should identify faults and troubleshooting for action as disconnection of branches and reconfiguration of operational branches if necessary. The SCADA philosophy can ensure, through redundancies, a better solution to the problems that may arise. (Source: Infineon)tr ESS

4.- Energy Storage System General aspects The energy generated during low consumption periods must be stored for its use during periods of higher consumption. Cost of auxiliary generators is reduced. Moreover, the energy 'excess' can be used to charge electric vehicles or UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) for critical loads. (Source: Infineon)tr metering

5.- Smart metering General aspects The smart metering systems (smart metering), essentially smart meters (smart meters) allow power generation and consumption telemetering in real time and can change supply and demand conditions, allowing the user to partially participate in the energy management of the system. Smart devices (smart appliances) require communication buses / control, to dialogue with smart meters. (Source: Infineon)tr EMS

6.- Energy Management System General aspects Efficient energy management allows an optimization of resources that results in a lower consumption of electricity. The techniques of power electronics are essential in the sidelight loss reduction in static conversion processes. For example in power systems, computers, lighting, drives or traction. The EMS are a little-hardware & much-software system. (Source: Infineon)tr Gridconnection

Connection to the mains and Islanding modes The micro-grid can be considered an electrical load (positive or negative!), located on the mains end-user level. Electrical energy path Micro-grid If the micro-grid includes generation, it can work disconnected from the mains (Autonomous or Islanded micro-grid) Operation modes

Connection to the mains and Islanding modes Basic operation modes and transitions of a micro-grid (CERTS*) Connection to mains Loads can be powered both by mains and local micro-generators, depending on the client's situation. Autonomous (Islandig) mode Coordination between sources and loads across the grid frequency. Power-flow control in each micro-generator to power balance If the generation is too low non-critical loads are disconnected. Disconnection transition In front of IEEE 1547 events, brownouts or failures, the static switch of the micro-grid has the ability to switch to the islanding mode automatically. Reclosing transition The reconnection of the microgrid is achieved automatically if a trigger event is presented. In this case, a phase synchronization is needed. *Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (USA) EMS

Information flow for a typical microgrid EMS (Source: IEEE P&EM, may-jun 2008) ISO 50001

Global goals according Standard ISO-50001 ISO-50001 suggest procedures and performances to satisfy in a energy system, as in a microgrid. (Source: Envidatec GmBH) Definitions

EMS Definition according standards (Source: Envidatec GmBH) MED EMS

The Energy Management System (EMS) EMS structural vision In an ISO-50001 context, the EMS acts in Planning, Operation, Monitoring and Measuring EMS conceptual vision Hierch CTL

Proposed EMS. Three-level hierarchical structure Three-levels in the proposed Energy Management System (time considerations) (Source: UPC)t Levels

Proposed EMS. Three-level hierarchical structure A. Operational Level This level takes directly in charge the equipment of the EES, namely the PV inverter, the battery inverter, the diesel generators and the AC switch for connecting or disconnecting the genset depend on grid power availability. B. Tactical Level This level corresponds to the first to be programmed in the EMS, and it s in charge of managing the power flow in the EES. C. Strategic Level This level is of the highest hierarchy and will implement the strategies for energy management within the proposed EES. SCADA

The three levels of an SCADA system Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Failure detection Diagnosis Reconfiguration Control Process EMS requirm

Requirements at microgrid userlevel for an EMS+SCADA System Daily Energy Available Control of each user s demand; Rewards efficient use of energy. Power Flow Control Maximum power control per user; Definition of energy path according to the needs Load Management Disconnection of non-vital loads; Connection of auxiliary loads when there is a surplus of energy. Microgrid management Integration in the microgrid management system; Measurement of power quality and user consumptions. Monitoring and Supervision Real time display of the parameters; Alarm management; Creation of databases; Recording and consulting the historical data; Generate reports; etc. MED Target plants

Microgrids in MED-Solar target countries. Hardware vision General architecture of the proposed Electric Energy System (EES)

Microgrids in MED-Solar target countries. Hardware vision Architecture of the EES proposed for Jordan and Palestine

Microgrids in MED-Solar target countries. Hardware vision Architecture of the EES proposed for Lebanon END OF MODULE 1

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1.- Use of renewable sources Basic architecture Investment volume (Source: Infineon)tr

2.- Distribution / transportation lines Basic architecture Investment volume (Source: Infineon)tr

3.- Monitoring and Supervisory control Basic architecture Investment volume (Source: Infineon)tr

4.- Energy Storage System Basic architecture Investment volume (Source: Infineon)tr

5.- Smart metering Basic architecture Investment volume (Source: Infineon)tr

Smart Micro-Grid Diesel-Based with PV Support (Source: UPC)t

Smart Micro-Grid. Another Example (Source: UPC)t

A typical configuration scheme of a micro-grid (Source: IEEE Tran on S M Vol 4, Num 2. Jun 2013)

Proposed EMS Architecture Three-levels in the proposed Energy Management System (layer considerations) (Source: UPC)t