Fuel Cell Vehicles as Integral Part in the Electrification of the Automobile Lars Peter Thiesen, General Motors Europe
Rising Energy Demand Worldwide Today: 900 million vehicles worldwide 98% fossil fuels 2020: 1.1 billion vehicles
GM Strategy Ł Displace petroleum through energy efficiency and energy diversity
GM s Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy Hydrogen fuel cell-electric Improve vehicle fuel economy and emissions Displace petroleum Hybrid-electric vehicles (including plug-in HEV) IC engine and transmission improvements Battery-electric vehicles/e-rev At GM Europe, these technologies are developed at the R & D center in Mainz-Kastel Time Energy Diversity Petroleum (conventional and alternative sources) Alternative fuels (Ethanol, Biodiesel, CNG, LPG) Electricity (conventional and alternative sources) Hydrogen
Electric Propulsion Development at GM Detroit (MI, USA) Rochester (NY, USA) Mainz-Kastel (Europe) Tokyo (Japan) Torrance (CA, USA) Shanghai (China) Seoul (Korea)
Paradigm Shift: Tomorrow s Vehicles are Powered Electrically Remove the automobile from the environmental equation Decrease dependency on oil Opel Ampera (E-REV) GM HydroGen4 (Fuel Cell)
Application Map High Load Stop-and-go Duty Cycle Drive Cycle Continuous Urbanization shifts market demand Light Load City Intra-urban Highway-cycle Highway
Application Map High Load Stop-and-go Duty Cycle Drive Cycle Continuous Light Load City Intra-urban Highway-cycle Highway
On-Board Energy Storage Weight and Volume of Energy Storage System for 500 km Range Diesel Compressed Hydrogen 700 bar 6 kg H 2 = 200 kwh chemical energy Lithium Ion Battery 100 kwh electrical energy System Fuel System Fuel System Cell 43 kg 33 kg 125 kg 6 kg 830 kg 540 kg 46 L 37 L 260 L 170 L 670 L 360 L
Daily Mileage 25% 20% 15% 80% of daily driving 50 km or less 10% 5% 0% 0-1 2-4 5-10 11-20 21-50 51-100 > 100 km Source: Mobilität in Deutschland, 2002
Opel Ampera Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Max. power: Max. torque: Top speed: Acceleration (0-100 km/h): Battery type: Energy content (battery): Range (battery-electric): (total) 111 kw 370 Nm 160 km/h 9 s Li-Ion 16 kwh 60 km >500 km
Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera Extended-Range Electric Vehicles Production to begin late 2010 (Volt) / 2011 (Ampera) Battery development is key challenge
Why Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles? Long driving range / family-size vehicle All-time zero emission Fast refueling (decoupled from parking) Hydrogen and the future energy system: Feedstock diversity Storage medium for renewable energies Opportunity to bring renewables onto the road
GM Electrovan (1966): The World s First Fuel Cell Car
HydroGen3 Liquid and Compressed Hydrogen Storage HydroGen3 liquid HydroGen3 compressed 700 Fuel: 4.6 kg LH 2 Ł usable: 3.3 kg LH 2 Range (EDC): 290 km (180 miles) Fuel: 3.1 kg CGH 2 at 700 bar (10,000 psi) Range (EDC): 270 km (170 miles)
Why Compressed Hydrogen Storage? No hydrogen losses with CGH 2 (compared to LH 2 ) No real packaging advantages of LH 2 system No cost advantage of LH 2 system at scale More complex refueling technology for LH 2 More energy intensive production of LH 2 : 30% of chemical energy of hydrogen gas needed for liquefaction (15% for compression to 700 bar)
GM HydroGen4 Fourth generation fuel cell propulsion system with improved every-day suitability, performance and durability Capable to start and operate in sub-freezing temperatures
GM HydroGen4 Power: 73 kw Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 12 s Top speed: 160 km/h Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH 2 (700 bar) Range: 320 km
GM HydroGen4 Structural Modifications Base vehicle structure extensively modified to integrate hydrogen storage system to manage loads of crash event Carryover from base vehicle Modified Fuel cell vehicle specific
GM HydroGen4 Crash Tests 15 crash tests performed to validate crash-worthiness Test with operating fuel cell and hydrogen on board
GM HydroGen4 Crash Tests Full vehicle testing and simulation results virtually identical Simulation Actual Ł HydroGen4 meets all common high vehicle safety requirements
Fuel Consumption 18 Fuel consumption (l/100 km) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Vehicle velocity (km/h) Equinox ICE Equinox FC/HydroGen4 Fuel consumption (EPA composite): Equinox ICE: 9.6 l/100 km (gasoline) Equinox FC/HydroGen4: 4.6 l/100 km (gasoline equiv.)
HydroGen4 as Part of GM s Global Project Driveway World s largest market test with over 100 vehicles deployed on the road Gain real world experience and feedback on fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen refueling Deployment locations: U.S.: California, New York, Washington D.C. Europe: Berlin Asia: Japan, Korea, China
Feedback on Project Driveway in the U.S. Internet-based recruitment program received over 100,000 inquiries More than 3,600 people have driven HydroGen4/ Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell Over 1,100,000 km in total, more than 7,400 refuelings 62 mainstream drivers have used vehicles for 2-3 months Enthusiastic public response to vehicle and propulsion system
10 HydroGen4 in Berlin 9 leading companies with different business areas Usage of vehicles on daily basis Service facility at regular Opel dealer Gain experience from real world driving Get customer feedback on vehicle and refueling
Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) European Lighthouse Project for Hydrogen Vehicles Aim to prove everyday suitability of hydrogen for transport Project duration until 2016 3 fully integrated hydrogen refueling stations by beginning of 2010 Different methods of hydrogen production demonstrated More than 40 hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles in Phase II (2008-2010)
GM HydroGen4 70 MPa Refueling Customer friendly refueling: One single physical connection Infrared communication interface (tank pressure/temperature) Fast fill: 3 min. at -40 C pre-cooling Automatic data transfer via WLAN to HydroGen4 service team
CEP Refueling Station Situation