Fuel Cell Workshop Wasserstoff und Brennstoffzellen E.V.A. / bmvit Workshop Wien,31.3.-1.4.2004 Stand Alone Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid Systems Ewald Wahlmüller, Fronius International GmbH Heinrich Wilk, Energie AG Oberösterreich Folie 1 Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell HELIOS, NASA 62.120 solar cells 35 kwp, eta=18,4 % PEM FC, H2 storage 14 engines, 2 hp each v max =23 mph wing span 247 ft, 63 m mass: 1600 pounds Alt. max = 96.863 ft August 2001 WILK, EU, 24.7.2003 Foto: www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/helios Folie 2
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Polar Observer a technological igloo drifting on the ice Jean Louis Etienne 10 PV modules 75 Wp each Axane PEM FC operated with H2 WILK, 12.3.2004 Foto: www.jeanlouisetienne.com Folie 3 Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Redwood National Park, CA Radio-telephone repeater PV:780Wp, 24V Battery 1200Ah FC: 100 W PEM/H2 (32 cells) WILK Folie 12.3.2004 4 Foto: Schatz Energy Research Centre, California
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell PV Hybrid system with fuel cell back up, hydrogen powered PEM fuel cell Applications: - telecommunications - power supply for autonomous GSM repeater station - Data logger WILK Folie 12.3.2004 5 Foto: T-Mobile, PV Hybrid (Gasgenererator) für GSM Repeater Electricity Cost Grid extension with 0,4 kv - cable 20 Cost [EURO/kWh] --> 15 10 5 50 m 100 m 200 m 500 m 1000 m 2000 m WILK 12.3.2004 Folie 6 0 0 100 200 300 400 average load [W] -->
Stand alone Photovoltaic Systems availability [ % ] --> 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 2,5 days 5 days 10 days 20 days 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 P PV-Array / P load--> WILK, Folie 712.3.2004 Data: TRY 9, Munich, simulation for a complete year Auxilliary Generators for Hybrid Applications Options for back up: Fuel Cell, h el. = 45 % Motor Generator operated with - Gasoline - Diesel - Propane h el. = 10 to 20 % WILK Folie 12.3.2004 8
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell PV Energy management system PV-charge controller FC-controller FC Temperature management Alarm, Datalogger Load control Battery storage E-manager Load DC DC/DC-Converter H2 FC DC Step down converter FC->Battery Folie 9 WILK 12.3.2004 Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell 5000 4500 4000 3500 Energy Balance: PV - FC - Battery - Load PV-Surplus FC to Load PV to Load Ah --> 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Jan Feb März April Mai Juni Juli Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez WILK Folie 12.3.2004 10 P Load=100 W, P PV=1300 Wp, Battery 24 V, Weatherdata Linz
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell FC-Operation [h/a] 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 FC-Operation hours as f(p PV ) Load=100 W FC Operating Hours/Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Solargenerator P PV [W p ] --> WILK Folie 11 12.3.2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kw, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell S olar fraction [% ] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Solar fraction of load current, Load=100 W 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 Solargenerator P PV [W p ] --> WILK Folie 12.3.2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kw, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz Solar Fraction %
Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Cost of electricity as f(p PV ), Load = 100 W Cost [Euro/kWh] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 FC PV-Solar 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 Solargenerator P PV [W p ] --> H2-Version: Linde special price WILK Folie 13 12.3. 2004 FC: Nexa 1,2 kw, 26 V, 46 A, Weatherdata: Linz The Fronius Group Employees Worldwide 1365 Active Patents 180 Turnover 2002 116 Mio Representation 75 Countries R&D Expenditure 8.1% Production sites 6 Export share 80.1% Folie 14
Fronius: Focussing on Energy Welding Technology Solarelectronics Battery Charging Systems Folie 15 Synergy: PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid Photovoltaics Fuel Cell Application Potential + + Environmentally Friendly + + Scalability + + integrability + + Energy Density - + Generation on demand - + Service/Safety + - (+) Operating Environment + - (+) Cost - (+) - (+) Folie 16
Ballard NEXA Fuel Cell Power Module Foto: Ballard Ballard PEM Fuel Cell: Fuel type: Hydrogen 5.0 H 2 Consumption: <0,018 Nm 3 /min Fuel Composition: 99,99 % H 2 P el = 1,2 kw net max. at V=26 V, I=46 A V min = 22 V P therm = 1,65 kw max. Operating life: 1500 h MTBF: 1000 h Cycle life: 500 max. Operating-temp. Stack: 65 C Ambient temp: +3 bis 30 C Freeze/thaw cycles: 50 max. Weight: 13 kg Folie 17 Stand-Alone PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid System Folie 18
Integration Aspects Fuel Cell - Maximise fuel cell efficiency - Minimise number of fuel cell start-ups - Fuel cell operation under freezing ambient - Completion of safety features (monitoring of cooling air current and redundant hydrogen sensor) Battery - Continuous monitoring of battery state of charge and prevention of total discharge of battery - Automated battery charging along definded characteristic General - Data logging and communication - Minimisation of parasitic loads!!! Folie 19 Hard- & Software Development Folie 20
Optimum Fuel Cell Load 100 90 80 Efficiency [-] 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 h-fronius CF2440 h-backup η Max @ P Stack ~ 700W η DC/DC CF2440 η Fuel Cell Back-up 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Power Input [W] Folie 21 Implementation Site HTL Steyr, Implementation Site of PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid System Folie 22
R&D Project: 5 kw Direct-Hydrogen APU fcdt Folie 23 Project Duration: 11/02 08/04 Project Partners: Bitter GmbH (Co), Fronius International GmbH, OÖ. TMG/CDT, ECHEM, JKU Linz, KTM Kühler GmbH, Kirstein GmbH Financing: private, governmental subsidy (A3 program, bmvit) Objectives: - cascadable unit for mobile and stationary applications in the 5 20 kw Range - Integration of (automotive) components appropriate for large quantity manufacturing - Integration lightweigt 350 bar cartouche System - Improvement of system lifetime Prototype 5 kw APU fcdt Folie 24
Potential of Automotive Components Solenoid Valve G1/2 Bürkert Type 0223B, 24V, PN 0-1 bar, Power Consumption 9 W, 1,567 kg Control Valve G1/2 Bürkert Type 6024A, 24V, PN 0-0,2 bar, Power Consumption 18 W, 0,984 kg Thermostat Behr-Thomson T=65 C, Power Consumption: 0 W (!), 0,128 kg Folie 25 Early Markets Stand-Alone Applications: - Camping, Yachting & Leisure - Telecom, Telematics - National Parks - Rural Electrification - UPS Folie 26
Exploitation Plans Know-How, Infrastructur, Prototying Pilotprojects, Marketing Strategy Pilot Production, Product Launch Production & Sale Folie 27