Large scale solar power plant in Nordic conditions Antti Kosonen, Jero Ahola, Christian Breyer, Albert Albó 25.8.214
Finland Finland: Location: between latitudes of 6 7 Area: 338 435 km 2 Population: 5.4 mio 19 mio people live totally above parallel latitudes of 6 from that in Finland 28% Source: Maps of World, (www.mapsofworld.com)
Solar power production potential Payback time of energy used for manufacturing in Finland below 3 years Globally the best areas has radiation about 25 kwh/m 2 Source: European Union, Joint Research Centre, (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.e u/pvgis/cmaps/eur.htm)
Daily solar radiation (kwh/m 2 /d) Day length (hh:mm) Air temperature ( C) Comparison of the factors that affect solar power production 25. Barcelona 2. 15. 1. 5.. -5. Frankfurt Lappeenranta Three cities in comparison Lappeenranta has similar annual solar power production potential as in Frankfurt Coldest conditions in Finland Different monthly distribution Longest days during summer time in Finland -1. Fig. Temperature. 7. 6. 5. Barcelona Frankfurt Lappeenranta 21:36 19:12 16:48 14:24 Barcelona Frankfurt Lappeenranta 4. 12: 3. 9:36 2. 1. 7:12 4:48 2:24. : Fig. Radiation. Fig. Day length.
Current status in Nordic countries Population (mio) Table Status and solar PV markets in the Nordic. Cumulative 212 (MW p ) Market 213 (MW p ) Cumulative 213 (MW p ) W p /habitant 213 Market growth 213 Finland 5.4 11 1.7 12.7 2 15.5% Sweden 9.6 22 18 4 4 81.8% Denmark 5.7 332 216 548 96 65.1% Norway 5.1 1.4 1.4 2 4.% Iceland.3.9.5 1.4 5 55.6% Nordic 26.1 375,9 236.6 612.5 23 62.9% EU28 55.7 69598 1374 79972 158 14.9% World 7169 154 38352 138856 19 38.2% Population (mio) Table Solar PV market potential in the Nordic. Area (1 km 2 ) Long-term PV demand (MW p ) Cumulative 213 (MW p ) Market saturation 213 Maximum area needed (km 2 ) (% of total area) Finland 5.4 338.4 242 12.7.1% 484.14 Sweden 9.6 45.3 429 4.1% 858.19 Denmark 5.7 45.5 36 548 15.2% 72.16 Norway 5.1 385.2 432 1.4.% 864.22 Iceland.3 13.1 15 1.4 9.3%.3. Nordic 26.1 1322.5 113915 612.5.5% 2278.17 EU28 55.7 4381.3 8313 79972 9.6% 16626.38 World 7169 1489 734 138856 1.9% 1468.1 Nordic region has <1% of the PV installation in EU28, but 4% population Enough irradiation, but lack of welladjusted legislation of solar markets Relatively low electricity prices
Power (MW) Energy (TWh/month) Current status in Finland 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 Month Imported Exported Production to own use Fig. Monthly distribution during 213. Electricity in Finland: Annual consumption 81.4 TWh Annual production 66. TWh (81 %) Load peak 14 GW Finland is dependent on imported electricity Total consumer price 15.6 c/kwh 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Imported Produced Fig. July 213. Source: Fingrid, (www.fingrid.fi)
Power (kw) Energy (MWh/month) University (LUT) 66 64 62 6 58 56 54 52 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 Month Fig. Monthly distribution. Electricity in LUT: Annual consumption 7235 MWh Peak load in day time Base load 6 kw Example of public building 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Fig. July, 213.
Recent solar power plant at LUT (169.62 kw p ) Fig. Flat roof, 51.5 kw p. Facing to south, slope 15. Fig. Carport, 18 kw p. Facing to south, slope 15. Fig. 2-axis tracking system, 5 kw p.
Power (kwh/h) Energy (kwh/month) Solar power plant at LUT at the end of 214 (22.64 kw p ) Simulated (Homer Energy ) numbers: Annual production 186 MWh Annual specific yield 843 kwh/kw p Longest day production time 19 h Highest day production 15 kwh Table LUT solar power plant at the end of 214. 3 25 2 15 1 5 Mounting Panel type P max (W) Flat roof Carport Module efficiency (%) Number Total (kw p ) Installed mono-si 25 15.3 12 26. Yes poly-si 25 15.3 7 17. Yes poly-si (bc) 25 17. 34 8.5 Yes poly-si 23 14.1 22 5.6 Yes poly-si 24 19. 8 1.92 No thin-film 12 8.4 84 1.8 No mono-si 25 15.3 36 9. Yes poly-si 25 15.3 396 99. Yes Wall poly-si (bc) 255 17. 153 39.2 No Tracking poly-si 23 14.1 22 5.6 Yes Total 927 22.64 1 8 6 4 2 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Fig. Monthly distribution, 213. January March June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 21 22 23 24 Fig. Average daily production, 213.
Energy (kwh/month) Power (kwh/h) Simulated production of a 1 kw p system that is faced to south in Lappeenranta Finland Wall mounting has similar annual production potential than 15 installation Maximum annual production with 45 installation 15 installation beats 45 installation from May to July March is the best production time for wall mounted systems 2 15 S15 S45 S9 Tracking.5.45.4.35.3 S15 S45 S9 Tracking 1.25.2 5.15.1.5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1111213141516171819221222324 Fig. Monthly production. Fig. Hourly average power on July.
Power (kw) Power (kw) Power (kw) Simulated productions with differently sized solar power plants at LUT 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Supplied by grid Solar 8 kw p production can be selfconsumed Without weekends, the solar power can be dimensioned twice without the need to sell electricity 8.6 MW p production is the same as net annual consumption of LUT 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Supplied by grid Solar Solar power plant (kw p ) Grid el. (%) Solar el. (%) Solar for selfconsump. (%) El. net demand (%) 1... 1. 22 97.4 2.6 1. 97.4 8 9.6 9.4 1. 9.6 43 66.1 5.2 67.4 49.8 86 58.1 1.5 41.7.5 Supplied by grid Solar Fig. Simulated cases at LUT.
Energy price (c/kwh) Electricity price (c/kwh) Optimal size of solar power plant at LUT 1.5 1. 1.3 eur/w 1. eur/w 9.5 9. 8.5 2 4 6 8 1 Size of solar power plant (kwp) Fig. Electricity price as a function of solar power plant size. 2. 18. 16. 14. 12. 1. 8. 6. 1.5 eur/w 4. 1.3 eur/w 2. 1 eur/w. 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 Nominal interest rate (%) Fig. Internal rate of return if solar energy is totally self-consumed. Assumptions: Slope angle 15, facing south Annual costs 1.5% of investment Annual real interest rate % Present selling price 4.52 c/kwh Solar energy price for next 3 years, 6.9 c/kwh (1.3 eur/w) or 5.3 c/kwh (1. eur/w)
Solar power measurements at LUT Production tracking: Real time production curves (day, month) for each systems (carport, flat roof, tracking, etc.) Power with one minute average Energy once per hour Fig. Production of LUT solar power plant (169.5 kw p ). Fig. QR codes nearby the solar power plants.
On the way to the cleaner and sunnier future