DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING STATIONS LOCATIONS FROM CITY PARKING DATA Sascha Bioly Viktor Kuchshaus* Matthias Klumpp 17th International Working Seminar on Production Economics Innsbruck, 22. February 2012
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Climate change 3. E-vehicles 4. Environmental balance 5. Climate program 6. Concept for Duisburg 2
1. Introduction Car traffic : outstanding importance for our mobility Undeniable: global dependence on oil as an energy source Oil Shortages: Resource is finite Security problems, political unrest - 62% of reserves in the middle east Constant increasing demand - BRICS countries * More speculative markets Statistical range: about 40 years *) Brazil, Russia, India, China, Southafrica (since 12/2010) 3 7% 13% Year 2003 27% 4% 49% 6% 12% Yahr 2030 24% 6% 52%
rechargeabl a fuel 1. Introduction Combustion of fossil fuels CO 2 emissions Goal of many nations: reducing emitted GHG quantities see Kyoto Protocol - 11 December 1997, Kyoto (Japan) Canada: dropped out on 13th December 2011 U.S. & China: never participated Russia and Japan will not extend after 2012 Raw oil shortage + climatic goals = Search for alternatives Solution: electric mobility (e-mobility)? Problem: range of electric vehicles Energy density of in Wh/kg Energy density of in Wh/kg lead-acid 35 diesel 12.800 Ni-MH 90 benzine 11.800 Li-Ionen 130 methanol 6.370 for comparison: coal: 6.670 Wh/kg Uranium ( 235 U): 18,7 Mio. kwh/kg 1 kg Uranium = 2.800 t coal 4
2. Climate change CO 2 (ppm) CH 4 (ppb) N 2 O (ppb) trace gas carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) methane (CH 4 ) nitrous oxide (N 2 O) CFC-gases sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) anthropogenic origin use of fosil energy deforestation use of fosil energy animal breeding, rice cultivation development trend 1800 2000* share to anth. greenhouse effect 280 ppm 370 ppm 61 % 0,28 ppm 0,31 ppm 15 % espacially field work (fertilizer) k.a. 4 % man-made blowing gas (aerosol can) cooling liquid e.g. cover gas at the technical production of magnesium 0 ppb 0,5 ppb 11 % 0 ppb 40 ppb 4 % * estimation ppm parts per million (10-6 ) ppb parts per billion (10-9 ) 5
3. E-vehicles Announcement by the Federal Government (03/05/2010): Till 2020 at least 1 million electric vehicles should be on Germany's streets 42,3 Mio. cars in Germany (FMTA: 01.01.2011) Alternative technologies are considered only slightly (40,000 vehicles) Current infrastructure for loading stations is not sufficient Option 1: Change batteries (China - standards?) Option 2: widespread deployment of loading stations Exemplary Investigation of Alternative 2 using the example of the city of Duisburg 6
3. E-vehicles Locations for loading stations in the city of Dusiburg - West germany (Ruhr area) - population: 489.599 inhabitants - biggest inland port in Europe (Rhein) 7
3. E-vehicles Model Citroën C-Zero Mitsubishi i-miev Nissan Leaf V Max (km/h) Charging duration (hours with 230V) Charging duration (hours with 400V) for 80% capacity Seats (adults) Battery capacity (kwh) consumption (kwh/100km) range (km) Monthly procution (state) 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150? 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150 2.100 (2011) 150 7 0,5 5 24 21 175 3.300 (2012) Peugeot ion 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150? Renault Fluence Z.E. Renault Kangoo Z.E. 135 7 0,5 5 22? 185? 130 7 0,5 2 22? 170? 8
4. Environmental balance How many CO₂-Emissions are really caused by E-vehicles Local : zero emission, thus 0 gramm CO₂ per km Next to the emissions in the production of the vehicles (scope 3!) the carbon dioxide from electricity generation is relevant types of power plants in the CO₂- comparison CO₂emission [g/kwh] 800 CO₂ emission factor of the electricity mix [g/kwh] Wind energy Offshore 23 Wind energy Onshore 24 Solar power [Import from spain] 27 Nuclear power station 32 700 600 500 744 744 711 708 704 697 676 651 653 632 629 643 637 625 603 597 590 605 570 565 563 Hydroelectric power station 40 400 Multicrystalline solar cell 101 Combined Cycle Power Plant (heating) 148 Combined Cycle Power Plant 428 Importing Coal-fired power plant 622 300 200 100 Brown coal heating plant 729 0 Importing blue coal power plant 949 Brown coal power plant 1.153 9
4. Environmental balance Energy mix in different states (Germany) government decision to phase out nuclear energy No change in e.g. North Rhine-Westphalia Strong change in e.g. Bavaria replaced nuclear energy by renewable forms of energy not possible Even more Emissions caused by more coal plants 10
5. Climate program Global programs - USA, Germany, China - 11
5. Climate program E-vehicles model regions in Germany 8 model regions in Germany Budget of 130 million EUR Cooperation of science, industry and the participating communes different research and development projects to set up infrastructure Aim: research and production site for e-mobility location for electric vehicles training capacity for e-mobility 12
6. Concept for Duisburg Managed parking areas in Duisburg 13
6. Concept for Duisburg Name Parking lots Name Parking lots 1 Averdunk 479 17 Burgplatz 133 2 CityPalais 670 18 Nahestr. 80 3 City-Parkhaus 544 19 Obermauerstr. 70 4 Düsseldorfer Str. 191 20 Oberstr. 60 5 Friedrich-Wilhelm-Str. 100 21 Oranienstr. 100 6 Galeria Duisburg 333 22 Papendelle 94 7 Galeria Kaufhof 426 23 Sinn-Leffers 86 8 Hauptbahnhof 97 24 Steinische Gasse 85 9 Hauptbahnhof Ost 100 25 Steinische Gasse 84 10 Immobiliencenter Sparkasse 214 26 Stresemannstr. 450 11 Innenhafen 77 27 UCI-Parkhaus 398 12 Königstr. 568 28 Universitätsstr. 65 13 Köhnenstr. 30 29 Schifferstr. 150 14 Köhnenstr. 60 30 Schifferstr. 200 15 Kuhlenwall 45 31 Forum 600 16 Marktplatz 150 total 6.739 14
6. Concept for Duisburg Current loading stations in Duisburg 15
6. Concept for Duisburg concept 1: proposal 16
6. Concept for Duisburg Further concepts (ideas): Non-clustered distribution of the loading stations at all managed Parking areas 1 central location with the total contingent for loading stations in the city of Duisburg Involvement of private parking lots In the Silberpalais an underground parking park with 3 storeys is availible that is not mentioned in any statistics Preferation in the distribution of loading stations espacially for parking lots that are provided longterm parking UCI-cinema parking parc; Mo-Fr, 06:00 18:00 rent to an long-term parking 17
6. Concept for Duisburg To get more detailed results more data has to be collected, e.g.: Will the 2-3% e-vehicles in Germany be distributed equally or is it more reasonable to set up clusters like Ruhr-area How many people living in Duisburg but working outside of Duisburg will use E-vehicles (charging in the night)? How many people not living in Duisburg but working in Duisburg will switch to E-vehicles (charging a day)? Average occupancy of parking areas Average spending duration per car Share of short-term or long-term needs to be determined for loading stations 18
DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING STATIONS LOCATIONS FROM CITY PARKING DATA Thanks for your attention! Sascha Bioly, Viktor Kuchshaus, Matthias Klumpp Contact: Sascha Bioly +49 (0) 201 81004-553 sascha.bioly@fom-ild.de www.fom-ild.de