Vol. 04 No. 01, July 2017, Pages 44-49 EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF 4 STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE WITH INDIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM USING GASOLINE-ETHANOL FUEL Mega Nur Sasongko 1, Widya Wijayanti 1, Fernando Nostra Damus G 1, 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brawijaya University Correspondence author: megasasongko@ub.ac.id ABSTRACT Gasohol can be replaced in the spark ignition engine (SI engine) as gasoline substitution having lower emissions exhaust gas, making it more environmentally friendly. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of gasolineethanol ratio on the gas exhaust emission of SI engine injection system. In this study, it was used the 4-stroke gasoline engine injection system by using the injector as a fuel input device. The engine had a 124.8 cc singlecylinder engine with compression ratio of 9.3:1. The variations of gasohol were gasohol E0, E10, E20, E30, E40, E50, E60, E70, E80, E90 and E100 with range of speeds; 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, 4500 rpm and 5000 rpm. The research was run by rearranging the standard ECU to obtain the AFR stoichiometric of each gasohol mixture. The exhaust emissions were measured by using the Stargas-898. The results show that the addition of ethanol content was able to increase the CO 2 emissions, however, it would decrease the CO and HC levels. Compare to the gasoline fuel, gasohol has a lower emission of CO, HC and higher of CO 2 and O 2 emissions. Keywords : gasohol, 4 stroke-spark ignition engine, injection, emission 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the energy needs tend to increase drastically such as the increasing of petroleum, natural gas and coal demand in the transportation sector, industry and household. High consumption levels greatly affect the environmental effects as the energy conversion process effects. It makes the environment dangerous emissions producing toxic gas like CO, HC, and NO x emissions. Unfortunately, we face the problem now. The fossil fuels have dominant contributions to support the problem. It is the trigger to produce CO as gas poisoning that can be characterized with dizziness, headache and nausea. More severe conditions: decreasing the body movements, disruption of the cardiovascular system, and heart attack. But the growth of vehicle production increase significantly, so that the pollutants released into the environment will be huger. It is needed a solution to overcome it. It is required some innovations to reduce the level of exhaust pollution at vehicles, mainly at gasoline engine. One of ways to overcome the problem if it is used the electronic control injection system, so that the exhaust gas emission can be controlled. And now, the equipment is developing by some engine. It is expected that the mixing of air and fuel can reach homogeneous conditions, so that the combustion will be in perfect condition. The use of the device can reduce the percentage of HC and CO emissions around 22% and 55%. As the development of motor fuel today is indeed leading to the injection system, however, the usage of the injection system still needs to improve to overcome the problem. Therefore, the environment can be safe from the transportation sector problems. Beside the injection systems, the fuel types also have the major factors to influence the exhaust gas emissions. Consequently, an alternative energy source is needed to be replaced the more environmentally friendly fuel. Ethyl-alcohol (ethanol) is one of widely used as alternative energy fuel today. Ethanol has a very abundant source of raw materials in Indonesia, promising source of renewable energy in the future. Ethanol has many advantages as a substitute of gasoline fuel such as; ethanol is an environmental friendly because it has a lower emission compared to the fossil fuel. In addition, ethanol has an oxygen content of 34% of the weight of the compound making the excess air in the combustion process. Then, it is the reason 45
why it is important to use ethanol as the fuels, due to obtain a high engine performance and environmentally friendly exhaust emissions. However, because the engine usually is fueled by gasoline, firstly, we will investigate the fuel mixing the gasoline-ethanol (gasohol) fuels. The gasohol is conducted to understand the performance of SI engine before the ethanol will be replaced in the future. The use of gasohol has several advantages like low toxic gas emissions. It is because gasohol contains 34% oxygen insuring to produce the perfect combustion. However, the gasohol fuel has some disadvantages Ethanol tends to cause highly corrosive in engine and a lower calorific value of the ethanol so that the performance of the gasohol will be lower than that of gasoline fuel. So, it is important to mix the ethanol and gasoline as the substitute fuel. Tabel 1. Characteristic of Gasoline dan ethanol Property Gasoline Ethanol H/C ratio 1.9 3.0 Energy Content (MJ/kg) 44 26.9 Liquid Density (kg/l) 0.72-0.78 0.785 Liquid Energy Density (MJ/l)) 33 21.12 Boiling Point ( o C) 37-205 79 Research Octane Number 92-98 107 Motor Octane Number 80-90 89 Stoichiometric airfuel ratio 14.7 9.0 Reid Vapor Pressure (psi) 8-15 2.3 The gasoline engine used in this study is a spark ignition engine with an injection system where before it is combusted, the fuel is sprayed in the burner by mixing process of fuel and air. The injection system works by mixing air and fuel on the stoichiometric state, then it was inserted into the combustion chamber by an inlet valve that the quantity is measured by the airflow sensor controlled by the ECM (Electronic Control Module). As a result, it was able to determine the amount of sprayed fuel by the injector. There are 2 types of fuel injection into the combustion chamber in the technology; a direct injection and indirect injection [6]. In this study, we used the indirect injection in which the gasohol was injected in the inlet valve, afterwards, it would inserted to combustion chamber with the air when the suction step. 2. METHODOLOGY The investigation results the gas exhaust gas emissions. The result of this research is the content of CO 2, O 2, CO, HC and λ (excess air). The mixture of gasohol used is E0 to E100 with a 10% increasing and the speed was controlled by throttle openings from 1500 rpm to 5000 rpm with an increasing of 500 rpm. Figure. 1 describes a schematic diagram of experimental run. It was used a 4-stroke cylinder with a compression ratio of 9.3: 1. The experimental device was placed on a buffer frame so that the test equipment was in a static condition. Figure 1. The experimental runs The experimental devices consist of 1. Beaker glass 2. Fuel tank 3. Fuel pump 4. Injector 5. Exhaust 6. Stargas Analyzer tube 46
CO 2 [%] 7. Stargas Analyzer 8. Throttle 9. ECU 10. Accumulator 11. Engine frame The gasoline and ethanol were mixed in the beaker glass according to the desired percentage. Then, it was put in the fuel tank. Next, it was set the frequency and duty cycle. The purpose of setting the frequency and duty cycle was if the engine can be going on and the combustion occurs in the stoichiometric area. The duty cycle was the percentage of injector openings in each inject fuel into the combustion chamber. The greater the percentage of the duty cycle, the more fuel that was injected into the combustion chamber. The amount of the duty cycle was adjusted to each AFR level of ethanol in a mixture of gasohol by comparing the air into the combustion chamber and the amount of fuel consumed in each unit of time. Then, the experimental equipment was turned on, so that the combustion process occurs inside the combustion chamber. The exhaust gas emission was measured by Stargas Analyzer 898. It was able to determine the emission content of CO 2, O 2, CO, HC and λ (excess air), then it would be analyzed. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure. 2 shows the effect of ethanol content on the CO 2 emission. It explains the relationship between gasohol content and CO 2 exhaust gas emission in. When the percentage of ethanol was increased, CO 2 tends to rise. It can be seen that the lowest CO 2 content is found in ethanol E10 with 1500 rpm around 1.66%. Meanwhile, the highest CO 2 was found in ethanol E100 with 4500 rpm. And this condition, CO 2 composition was 11.5%. Figure. 3 explains the correlation between the percentage of ethanol at gasohol and the producing of CO content in the various s. It can be seen that the decreasing of CO appears from E0 to E100. The lowest CO concentration was look at E80 with 3500 speed around 0.11% and the highest CO concentration was found in ethanol E0 with 1500 with value and the value was 0.06%. Since the incomplete combustion occurred, the production of CO emissions at the exhaust gas tend to increased. The incomplete combustion is mainly occurs when the combustion takes place in the fuel-rich conditions. The oxygen contained in the ethanol fuel will reduce the incidence of incomplete combustion due to insufficient amount of oxygen in the air-fuel mixture. In the present experiment, CO emissions in exhaust gas may cause by the reducing of combustion temperature result in the incomplete combustion. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 Figure 2. An increasing CO 2 with the Figure. 4 explains the effect of the ethanol contain at gasohol when it produced HC emission. It was look like the previous CO gas emissions that the increasing of ethanol percentage would decline HC emissions. The lowest level of HC was found at E80 ethanol concentration with 4500 rpm as 12 ppm (part per million) and the highest ethanol was obtained at ethanol E0 with 1500 rpm and 160 ppm. Reducing HC emission with increasing the ethanol addition in the fuel indicated that the combustion performed in the better condition. 47
HC [ppm] O 2 [ % ] CO [%] 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Figure 3. A decreasing CO with the As a partially oxidized hydrocarbon due to oxygen atom contained in the ethanol, addition ethanol in the fuel blend could increase the number of oxygen atoms for the combustion process (leaning effect). Due to the effects of leaning, the HC emissions will decrease greatly as well as CO emissions. 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Figure 4. A decreasing HC with the In Figure. 5, it can be seen that the produced O 2 was influenced by the percentage of ethanol content in various the. The produced O 2 would increase if the percentage of ethanol was added. Therefore, the graph shows that the lowest O 2 levels was found in ethanol E0 at 1500 rpm as 2.49% and the highest O 2 was gained in ethanol E100 at 4500 rpm as 9.26%. Meanwhile, Fig. 6 explains the excess air can be influenced by the percentage of ethanol content in various the. It can be seen, at each variation of ethanol content, the content of excess air tends to rise starting from ethanol E0 content, then decline to ethanol E100. The lowest excess water content was found on E10 ethanol level at 1500 rpm and the value was 1.012% and the highest level was bring into being on ethanol E80 at 3000 rpm with 1.08 value. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Figure 5. The produced O 2 was influenced by the percentage of ethanol content in various the The gasohol fuel is very influential in generating exhaust emissions causing environmentally friendly. It is because each molecule of ethanol has 34% oxygen, so that the combustion process tends to form a high CO2. Beside CO2, it will also leave a high O2 content. This is due to the actual burning AFR tending to occur at a poor mixture. As a result, C atoms will have the most possibility opportunity to react with O2 to form CO2 in the combustion reaction of gasohol. On the contrary, the content of CO and HC which are emissions harmful to health and environmental balance will decrease in the remain process of the burning gasohol. 48
Excess Air 1.1 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1 Figure 6. The generated excess air due to the percentage of ethanol content in various the 4. SUMMARY In the investigation, it can be summarized some important matters. Due to the addition of ethanol content in gasohol, it is able conclude that : 1. The addition of ethanol levels in the gasohol content will increase CO 2 caused by lean mixture in combustion and oxygen levels in ethanol that support that combustion will be burned more perfectly. 2. The addition of ethanol content in the gasohol content will result in the decreasing of CO and HC emissions. Therefore, the poison exhaust gas emissions can be reduced. 3. The addition of ethanol in the alcohol content will result in the rising of O 2 emissions due the higher oxygen levels in the gasohol mixture. 5. REFERENCES AL-FARAYEDHI AA, Al-Dawood AM, Gandhidasan P. Effects of blending crude ethanol with unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions of SI engine. SAE paper 2000-01- 2857; 2000. AL-HASAN M [2003], Effect of ethanolunleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions Journal of Energy Conversion and Management (44) 1547-61. BATA RM, Elord AC, Rice RW., Emissions from IC engines fueled with alcohol gasoline blends: a literature review. Transactions of the ASME 1989;111:424 31. C. PARK, Y. Choi, C. Kim a, Seungmook, G. Lim, Y. Moriyoshi, Performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine using ethanol and ethanol-reformed gas, Fuel 89 (2010) p. 2118 2125. HEYWOOD JB, Internal combustion engine fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Inc,1998. PULKRABEK, W,Willard, 2004, Engineering Fundamental of The Combustion Engine, Pearson Persntice Hll, New Jersey MIERS SA, Wallner T, Combustion behavior of gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends in a modern direct-injection 4- cylinder engine. SAE paper 2008-01- 0077; 2008. MUSTAFA K, Y. Sekmen, T. Topgu, H. Serdar, The effects of ethanol unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine, Renewable Energy 34 (2009) p. 2101 2106. M.K. BALKI, C. Sayin, The effect of compression ratio on the performance, emissions and combustion of an SI engine fueled with pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline, Energy 71 (2014) p. 194 201. PHUANGWONGTRAKUL, S, Wechsatol, W, Sethaput, T, Suktang, K, Wongwises, S, Experimetal study on spraking ignition engine performance for optimal mixing ratio of ethanolgasoline blended fuels, Applied Thermal Engineering Vol 100 (2016) p. 869-879. YUKSEL F, Bedri Yuksel [2004], The use of ethanol-gasoline blend as a fuel in SI engine, Renewable Energy Vol. 29, pp. 1181-1191. 49