The electrification of the automobile Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles Dr. Jörg Wind International Workshop Solid State Hydrogen Storage, 05.-06. October 2010, Torino, Italy P. Froeschle / Daimler AG 1
Total Energy Balance Well-to-Wheel Classification Fuel Cell: Battery: High range (>400 km), short refueling time (3 min), Applicable for different vehicle concepts Optimal operation in compact cars for the city traffic (100-150 km), Recharging over night GHG* Emissions [g CO2eq/km] 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 Battery electric vehicle: small range and long charging time Plug-in with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) Fuel Cell vehicle (Fueled by 100% H 2 from fossil sources) Technology Change (Diesel) (Gasoline) Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix) Improvement of battery technology Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H 2 ) Diesel Gasoline Costs for Transformation of Technology Source: EUCAR/CONCAWE "Well-to-Wheels Report 2004"; Optiresource, 2006 Reference vehicle class: VW Golf 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Energy Consumption Well-to-Wheel [MJ/100km] *GHG: Green House Gas 2
Drive Portfolio for the Mobility of Tomorrow Different mobility scenarios Long Distance Interurban City Traffic E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY Efficient Combustion Engine S 400 HYBRID Drive Concept BlueZERO E-CELL PLUS Plug-In / Range Extender smart fortwo electric drive Electric Vehicle with Battery B-Klasse F-CELL Electric Vehicle wit Fuel Cell Combustion drive Emission free mobility 3
Future Mobility will be characterized by the Electrification of the Drive Train Combustion Engine (Gasoline/Diesel) Electric drive emission free Level of electrification Stop/ Start (RSG) Mild Full Plug-In (parallel) Plug-In (serial/ Range Ext.) Fuel Cell Battery 0% 100% A-Class BlueEfficiency S 400 Blue ML 450 Blue S 500 Plug-in E-CELL Plus Range Extender B-Class F-CELL smart ev 4
Advantages of the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Higher efficiency of the fuel cell power train compared to power trains with combustion engine Gasoline ICE 23% Fuel Cell 45% No local GHGemissions of the vehicles Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of primary energy sources - among them also renewable energies Crude Oil Natural Gas Coal Refinery Steam Reformer Gasification Hydrogen Electrolysis Compression Electricity Dispensing Nuclear Energy Biomass Wind Solar Hydro Power Very high torque even at lowest speed with the electric engine Independence from fossil fuels Possibility to store surplus renewable electricity by conversion of the electricity to hydrogen Wind Energy Electrolysis Hydrogen Lower noise emissions of the vehicles Lower consumption and green-housegas emissions compared to vehicles 200 with ICE 175 GHG* Emissions [g CO 2eq/km] 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) 20 40 Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources) Plug-in with Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) 50 60 80 100 120 Technology Change 140 150 160 Internal Combustion Engines Gasoline (Diesel) Diesel (Gasoline) Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix) Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2) 180 200 220 Energy Consumption Well-to-Wheel [MJ/100km] *GHG: Green House Gas 5
Daimlers Activities within Fuel Cell Vehicles History of Daimler s Fuel Cell Vehicles - almost 15 years of Fuel Cell Development Methanol Concepts- and feasibility studies Necar 3 Necar 5 Fit for daily use / Fleet test Small series demonstration Passenger cars Necar 2 Necar 4 F-Cell A-Class F600 F-Cell A-Class Advanced F-Cell B-Class 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Necar 1 Nebus Fuel Cell Sprinter Fuel Cell Citaro Fuel Cell Sprinter Fuel Cell Citaro Fuel Cell Sprinter Light+heavy-duty vehicles 6
Market Preparation Worldwide Fleet Operation Worldwide fleet operation in demo projects with MB vehicles since 2004 Large fleet demonstration project for generating public interest, raise awareness and motivate H2-infrastructure build-up California Fuel Cell Partnership MBUSA European Bus Project HyFLEET:CUTE MB NL Berlin National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel Cell Germany Bus Project Beijing China European Zero Regio Project Clean Energy Partnership Germany JHFC Program Japan MBJ DoE Program USA 60 F-Cell Vehicles in customer operation 36 Buses (Citaro) in Europe, Australia, China 3 Sprinter Europe, USA DSEA Synergy EDB Project Singapore Bus Project STEP Perth, Australia ~ 2.200.000 km ~ 64.000 h ~ 2.200.000 km ~ 140.000 h ~ 64.000 km ~ 2.400 h 7
Progress Fuel Cell Technology - Next Generation FCVs Next generation of the fuel cell-power train: Higher stack lifetime (>2000h) Increased power Higher reliability Freeze start ability Li-Ion Battery A-Class F-Cell Technical Data Range +150% Consumption - 16% B-Class F-Cell Technical Data Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz A-Class (Long) Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz B-Class Fuel Cell System Engine Fuel Range Top Speed Battery PEM, 72 kw (97 hp) Engine Output (Continuous / Peak): 45 kw / 65 kw (87hp) Max. Torque: 210 Nm Hydrogen (35 MPa / 5,000 psi) 105 miles (170 km / NEDC) 88 mph (140 km/h) NiMh, Output (Continuous / Peak): 15 kw / 20 kw (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kwh [km] Size - 40% [l/100km [kw] Power +30% Fuel Cell System Engine Fuel Range Top Speed Battery PEM, 90 kw (122 hp) IPT Engine Output (Continuous/ Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136hp) Max. Torque: 290 Nm Compressed Hydrogen (70 MPa / 10,000 psi) ca. 250 miles (400 km) 106 mph (170 km/h) Li-Ion, Output (Continuous/ Peak): 24 kw / 30 kw (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kwh 8
The Future of the Fuel Cell Technology The Mercedes Benz concept car F800 shows the future capabilities of the fuel cell technology Through a further modularization of the fuel cell specific components, the packaging of future generations of FC vehicles will be simplified In the future the packaging will not depend on a sandwich under floor, to store the fuel cell specific components Packaging of Fuel Cell Vehicles Fuel cell Lithium-ion battery Hydrogen tanks Electric Motor with gearbox Today in the future 9
Most Important FC Manufacturer and their Current Fuel Cell Passenger Car Models Coupé Compact Class SUV Honda FCX Clarity Ford Focus FCV Hyundai Tucson FCEV Kia Borrego FCEV Compact MPV* GM Equinox Fuel Cell Nissan X-Trail FCV MB B-Class F-CELL City Car Fiat Panda Hydrogen Renault Scenic ZEV H2 Toyota FCHV VW Tiguan HyMotion Many of the biggest and most important automobile manufacturers are committed to develop and commercialize fuel cell vehicles * MPV = Multi-purpose vehicle 10
Improvements: Citaro FuelCELL- Bus in Comparison with Previous Generation Fuel Cell Bus Fuel Cell Bus (CUTE) 2003 Technical Data Power 205 kw for < 15-20 sec Range 180-220 km Next Next Generation Generation Fuel Fuel Cell Cell Bus Bus Power Power Train Train Energy Energy retrieving retrieving through through hybridization hybridization (recuperation) (recuperation) Higher Higher efficiency efficiency Passenger Passenger comfort comfort through through noise noise reduction reduction and and steady steady acceleration acceleration Optimum Optimum availability availability improved improved Higher Higher lifetime lifetime 2 Fuel Cell Systems also used in B-Class F-CELL Citaro FuelCELL- 2009 Technical Data Power 220 kw for < 15-20 sec Range > 250 km (planned) HV-Battery -- H2 Consumption 20 24 kg / 100 km Max. efficiency 48 % Passenger capacity 23 + 49 = 72 HV-Battery Li-Ion, 180 kw permanent H2 Consumption 10 14 kg / 100 km Max. efficiency 58 % Passenger capacity 25 + 50 = 76 11
Cost Potentials of the Fuel Cell Technology Fuel Cell Vehicle Costs Power Train per Vehicle Cost reduction through technical advances Cost reduction through technical advances Cost reduction through establishment of a competitive supply industry Cost reduction through scale effects Technology Generation I A-Class F-CELL Technology Generation II B-Class F-CELL Technology Mass Market The costs for the fuel cell power train are currently much higher than those from conventional drive systems. They can be reduced considerably through scale effects and technology advances. A reduction of the costs on the level of conventional drive trains is possible. Regarding the TCO 1 comparable values to conventional drive systems are reachable. 1) Total Cost of Ownership 12
Status quo Hydrogen Filling Stations in Germany in operation planned Public Hydrogen Filling Stations in Germany - 4 existing public 700 bar (70 MPa) filling stations - 10-15 public 700 bar (70 MPa) filling stations in planning / under construction (et al. funded by the German stimulus package II) Today the H 2 -infrastructure in Germany is insufficient for the market launch of fuel cell vehicles 13
Initiative H 2 -Mobility - Germany as lead Market in Europe for Hydrogen Infrastructure A strong partnership of motivated stakeholder Germany as lead market in Europe German Initiative H 2 -Mobility Leading industrial concerns want a build-up plan for a areawide hydrogen infrastructure Major expansion of the hydrogen filling station networks until the end of 2011 Important milestone on the way to emission free mobility Realization of the activities in 2 phases Phase 1: 2009 2011 Development of a business plan and joint venture negotiations. The target is a build-up plan for a nationwide hydrogen infrastructure. Phase 2: 2011+ Foundation of a consortium and action plan for the build-up of a hydrogen fuelling station network Involved companies and organizations 14
Battery Electric Vehicles 15
Daimler History on Battery Electric Vehicles Concept cars and feasibility studies Passenger Cars Fleettests Smallseries A-Class E-CELL W123 T-Modell W201 190er W202 C-Class Vision A93 W168 A-Class smart ev Concept smart ev Phase 1 smart ev Phase 2 1972 1979 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 LE 306 electro transporter BR 307E Electrictransporter BR 308 T1 MB100 MB 410E Sprinter 308E Vans Vito 108E Vito W639 16
Worldwide Fleet Operation with Daimler s Battery Electric Vehicles World wide fleet operation in diverse demonstration projects in Northern America, Europe and Asia from 2010 Operation of 1500 electric smarts, 500 A-Class E-CELLs and 100 Electro-Vitos From 2012 the smart electric drive (phase 3) will be the first commercially sold battery electric vehicle from Daimler smart ed (phase 2) A-Class E-CELL Technical Data Vehicle smart fortwo electric drive (phase 2) A-Class E-CELL Electro-Vito Motor Output: 30 kw (41 PS) Torque: 120 Nm Output: 70kW (95 PS) Torque: 290 Nm Output: 90 kw (122 PS) Torque: 280 Nm Range (NEFZ) 135 km 200 km 130 km Top speed 100 km/h (limited) 150 km/h 80 km/h (limited) Electro-Vito Battery Lithium-Ion-Battery, Capacity: 16,5 kwh Lithium-Ion-Battery, Capacity: 35,5 kwh Lithium-Ion-Battery, Capacity: 32 kwh Daimler has the target to commercialize battery electric vehicles in the foreseeable future 17
Daimlers Activities within Battery Electric Vehicles smart ed Next Generation of Battery Electric Vehicle smart ed phase I smart ed phase III 2006 2008 Technology demonstration from 2012 small Series smart ed phase 3: Increased power (30 kw 35 kw) Higher reliability Longer range (110 km 150 km) Improved freeze start ability Improved battery (Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Li-Ion) Power +20% Acceleration +20% Range +35% [kw] [m/s 2 ] [km] 18
The A-Class E-CELL The next pure battery-powered vehicle from the Daimler AG Technical Data Vehicle Engine Range Battery Mercedes-Benz A-Class (W169) Max. Output: 70kW (95 PS) Max. Torque: 290 Nm 200 km (NEFZ) 2 Lithium-Ion Batteries with 96 cells each Output (cont./ Peak): 35 kw / 55 kw (75 PS) Capacity: 35,5 kwh No greenhouse-gas emissions Highest efficiency of all driving concepts Strengths Independence from crude oil Dynamic and comfort with the electric engine Low noise emissions First small series of a compact car with batteryelectric drive train of the Daimler AG Challenges Reduction of charging times Reduction of battery costs Increased battery durability and capacity Build-up of a charging infrastructure After the smart ev the A-Class E-CELL is the next pure battery electric vehicle from the Daimler AG and the first from Mercedes-Benz, which will be produced in small series. 19
Build up of a Charging Infrastructure for BEVs Investment [bn ] 460.000 Charging stations Assumption: 460.000 Charging stations 1,35 and 160.000 public 300.000 private 600.000 Number of vehicles At public stations simultaneous charging of two battery electric vehicles possible. Short-term battery electric vehicles will mainly be charged at home and/or at work. For customers without own parking site (ca. 40%) there must be created medium-term charging stations in public parking space. Private parking places and parking sites at work can be equipped cost-efficiently with charging stations Public charging infrastructure only realizable with public measurements Specific costs for charging infrastructure per vehicles rise with the increasing degree of coverage (private & public) The investment for charging infrastructure is proportional to the vehicle sales 20
Conclusion and future prospects Battery- and Fuel Cell-Vehicles they share a lot but challenges remain for both technologies Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) User profile Sustainable city vehicle with high purchase costs, low operational costs and adequate driving performance Collective strengths Reduction of green house gases through zero emission vehicles Efficient utilization of energy Independence from crude oil Low tax burden Very low operational costs Dynamic and comfort with the electric drive Low noise emissions Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) User profile Sustainable vehicle with big loading capacity, high range and god driving performance Best energy efficiency and lowest emissions of all drive train methods Long charging time and short range High battery costs Battery durability and capacity Charging infrastructure Strengths Challenges Short refuelling time and high range Drive train concept also applicable for large passenger cars and commercial vehicles High component costs Fuel cell durability Renewable hydrogen H 2 -infrastructure BEV und FCV complement one another in their profiles and can fulfill all mobility requirements Challenges remain but can be overcome long term to sustain transform individual mobility 21
The Future of Electric Mobility shows Daimler s modular BlueZERO-Concept Electric Drive Fuel Cell Electric Drive with Range Extender Range: ca. 200 km Range: ca. 400 km Range: ca. 600 km Energy Source: Electric energy Energy Source: Fuel Cell Energy Source: Energy/Gasoline 22
Thanks for your attention!! 23