Advancements in PAR modelling: Major results of a national project performed at RWTH Aachen and JÜLICH

Advancements in PAR modelling: Major results of a national project performed at RWTH Aachen and JÜLICH B. SIMON 1, E.-A. REINECKE 2, U. SCHWARZ 1, K. TROLLMANN 2, T. ZGAVC 2, H.-J. ALLELEIN 1,2 1 2 Status 1 st December 211 ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 1

Background Large hydrogen releases (~1, m³) in the course of a severe accident in LWR Recommendation of the German Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) in 1998: Installation of Passive Auto-Catalytic Recombiners (PARs) Goal: Hydrogen removal and reduction of combustion loads Need of reliable numerical models ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 2

Background Integral experiments (e.g. BMC, THAI, KALI, H2PAR) Separateeffect tests (REKO) Parameter correlations (e.g. Siemens-corr.) Mechanistic models (GRS-COCOSYS) REKO-DIREKT PAR research programme at JÜLICH since 1996: first basic investigations since 21: REKO-3 tests (forced convection) since 22: REKO-DIREKT code development seit 29: REKO-4 tests (natural convection) Collaboration RWTH/JÜLICH in PAR research 25-29: national project (BMWi 15138) 21-213: national project (BMWi 151394) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 3

Fundamental principle of PAR modelling Chimney buoyancy flow interaction Catalyst section mass/heat transfer chemical (catalytical) reaction ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 4

Working programme WP2 REKO-4 Construction REKO-DIREKT Modelling WP4 WP3 REKO-4 Experiments WP1 REKO-3 Experiments ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 5

REKO-3 experiments on reaction kinetics REKO-3 ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 6

REKO-3 Data 14 14 21 Vol.-% O2 21 Vol.-% O2 12 12 Catalyst sheet length / mm 1 8 6 4 Catalyst sheet length / mm 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 vol.% H 2 1. m/s 1 2 3 4 5 H 2 concentration / vol.% 4 vol.% H 2 1. m/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 Catalyst temperature / C ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 7

REKO-3 Data (Oxygen starvation) 14 14 12 21 Vol.-% O2 3 Vol.-% O2 12 21 Vol.-% O2 3 Vol.-% O2 Catalyst sheet length / mm 1 8 6 4 Catalyst sheet length / mm 1 8 6 4 2 2 4 vol.% H 2 1. m/s 1 2 3 4 5 H 2 concentration / vol.% 4 vol.% H 2 1. m/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 Catalyst temperature / C ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 8

REKO-3 Database Parameters Values Flow velocity (m/s) Inlet gas temperature ( C) Hydrogen concentration (vol.%).25.5.8 1. 2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11 1-7 1-6 1-7 1-5 1-7 1-5 1-7 Steam concentration (vol.%) -6-2 -2 Oxygen concentration (vol.%) 1-21 1-21 1-21 1-21 ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 9

REKO-4 facility Test vessel for PAR experiments under natural convection volume: 5.5 m³ design pressure: 25 bar operating pressure: 2.3 bar operating temperature: 28 C ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 1

REKO-4 facility Test vessel for PAR experiments under natural convection volume: 5.5 m³ design pressure: 25 bar operating pressure: 2.3 bar operating temperature: 28 C detailed measurements: in-situ hydrogen sensors Particle Image Velocimetry ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 11

REKO-4 facility Test vessel for PAR experiments under natural convection volume: 5.5 m³ design pressure: 25 bar operating pressure: 2.3 bar operating temperature: 28 C detailed measurements: in-situ hydrogen sensors Particle Image Velocimetry ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 12

REKO-4 experimental data 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5 T_min sheet 1 Temperature ( C) 4 3 2 4 3 2 H 2 concentration (vol.%) T_max sheet 1 T_min sheet 2 T_max sheet 2 T gas at PAR outlet T gas at PAR inlet H2 concentration at PAR outlet H2 concentration at PAR inlet 1 1 Experiment: R4-A-8 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 5 Time (s) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 13

REKO-4 Time window for PIV measurement 5 3 Experiment: R4-A-3 5 Temperature ( C) ( C) 4 3 2 1 Zeitfenster PIV measurement für PIV-Messung 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Time Zeit (s) (s) 4 3 2 1 Pressure Druck (bar) Hydrogen H 2 -Konzentration conc. (Vol.-%) (vol.%) TR-4-54 (T_min Blech 1) TR-4-55 (T_max Blech 1) TR-4-64 (T_min Blech 2) TR-4-63 (T_max Blech 2) TR-4-7 (T_Gas Auslass) TR-4-72 (T_Gas Einlass) QR-4-1 (H2 Reko Auslass) QR-4-2 (H2 Reko Einlass) PR-1 (Überdruck) Information: Flow velocity in dependency of inlet hydrogen concentration, catalyst temperature and chimney geometry ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 14

Comparison REKO-3 REKO-4 (R4-A-9) 7 Catalyst Temperatur temperature ( C) ( C) 6 5 4 3 2 1 REKO-4 2.1 vol.% REKO-4 2. vol.% REKO-4 5.4 vol.% REKO-4 5.2 vol.% REKO-3 2. vol.% REKO-3 4. vol.% REKO-4 3.8 vol.% REKO-4 3.3 vol.% REKO-4 3.2 vol.% REKO-3 3. vol.% R4-A-9-M1-3,3% R4-A-9-M2-3,2% R4-A-9-M3-5,5% R4-A-9-M4-5,2% R4-A-9-M5-3,8% R4-A-9-M6-2,1% R4-A-9-M7-2,% H41-M1-2%-RT-,25 H65-M1-3%-RT-,25 H42-M1-4%-RT-,25 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 Sheet Blechlänge length (mm) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 15

REKO-DIREKT PAR modelling mechanistic chimney model Chimney interaction buoyancy flow x i Solid Solid (Catalyst) Gas Grid point Heat conduction Convection Heat radiation Enthalpy Heat source Catalyst section chemical (catalytical) reaction y n mass/heat transfer ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 16

REKO-DIREKT PAR modelling OUTPUT - Outlet gas temperature - Outlet gas composition - Mass flow through PAR OUTPUT y H2 / vol.% T / C INPUT - Inlet gas temperature - Inlet gas composition -Pressure ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 17

Post-calculation of ThAI experiments: Input 5 5 Temperature ( C) 4 3 2 1 Inlet hydrogen concentration Pressure Inlet gas temperature 4 3 2 1 Hydrogen concentration (vol.%) -155 s 1 st hydrogen injection at ~1 s full PAR operation 1,-12, s air injection 12,-14,4 s 2 nd hydrogen injection 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 Time (s) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 18

Post-calculation of ThAI experiments: Output 25 Symbols: Experiment Lines: Calculation 5 Temperature ( C) 2 15 1 5 Outlet hydrogen concentration Inlet flow velocity Outlet gas temperature 4 3 2 1 Hydrogen concentration (vol.%) Flow velocity (m/s) Input: Druck, H 2 -Konz. Temp. 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 Time (s) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 19

Post-calculation of ThAI experiments 6 bold: calculation thin: experiment 5 gas temperature ( C) PAR outlet hydrogen concentration (vol.%) PAR outlet 4 oxygen starvation 3 2 1 flow velocity (m/s) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 2

Conclusions Integral experiments (e.g. BMC, THAI, KALI, H2PAR) Separateeffect tests (REKO) Parameter correlations (e.g. Siemens-corr.) Mechanistic models (GRS-COCOSYS) REKO-DIREKT Significant improvement in knowledge of phenomena inside PAR physical models for catalytic hydrogen conversion and chimney effect Enhancement of PAR database broad spectrum of well defined parameters and boundary conditions Enhancement and first full validation of PAR code REKO-DIREKT successful demonstration of capabilities ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 21

Outlook Integral experiments (e.g. BMC, THAI, KALI, H2PAR) Separateeffect tests (REKO) Parameter correlations (e.g. Siemens-corr.) Mechanistic models (GRS-COCOSYS) REKO-DIREKT PAR research programme at JÜLICH since 1996: first basic investigations since 21: REKO-3 tests (forced convection) since 22: REKO-DIREKT code development seit 29: REKO-4 tests (natural convection) Collaboration RWTH/JÜLICH in PAR research 25-29: national project (BMWi 15138) 21-213: national project (BMWi 151394) ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 22

Outlook REKO-1 REKO-3 REKO-4 REKO-DIREKT Experiments CO recombination PAR ignition PAR start-up OECD-THAI Analytical work REKO-DIREKT code enhancement (BMWi-15147) CFX COCOSYS Interpretation OECD-THAI Implementation in COCOSYS ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 23

REKO-DIREKT implementation in CFD ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 24

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology for funding the presented projects. Integral experiments (e.g. BMC, THAI, KALI, H2PAR) Parameter correlations (e.g. Siemens-corr.) Separateeffect tests (REKO) Mechanistic models (GRS-COCOSYS) REKO-DIREKT ERMSAR 212, Cologne, Germany, March 21 23, 212 Folie 25