COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF AVL S 1065 COMPLIANT GASEOUS PEMS 22 th CRC Real World Emissions Workshop March 25-28 Presented By: Kent Johnson Co-Authors: Tanfeng Cao, Thomas D. Durbin, Karl Oberguggenberger, Roland Wanker, Thomas Schimpl, and Volker Pointner University of California, Riverside Bourns College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology 1
Motivation Was to Characterize AVL s New Gaseous PEMS for 1065 Compliance Laboratory Audits (required) Engine Dyno Audits (required) In-Use Correlation (added) It is important to know PEMS accuracies relative to the reference CVS method: How do new PEMS compare to the reference method? Are PEMS measurements getting more accurate? Are PEMS capable of making good in-use measurements? 2
All 1065 Laboratory Audits Successful 1065 Ref # Description 1065 Limit Status 305 Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise. < 1.0-2.0 % 1 PASSED 307 Linearity verification < 1.0% SEE 2 PASSED Continuous gas analyzer system-response and 309 updating-recording verification for gas analyzers continuously compensated for other gas species. Rise/Fall Time < 10 sec PASSED 315 Pressure, temperature, and dewpoint calibration See 1065.307 1 PASSED 342 Sample dryer verification T dew,meas < T dew,spec + 2.0 C PASSED 345 Vacuum-side leak verification < 0.5 % PASSED 350 H 2 O interference verification for CO 2 NDIR analyzers 0 ± 0.02% PASSED 355 H 2 O and CO 2 interference verification for CO NDIR 0 ± 1.0% of Std PASSED 360 FID optimization and verification 0 ± 5.0% of CH 4 RF 3 PASSED 362 Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust FID O 2 interference 0 ± 2.0% of Ref PASSED 372 NDUV analyzer HC and H 2 O interference verification 0 ± 1.0% of Std PASSED 376 Chiller NO 2 penetration Penetration > 95.0% PASSED 1 Accuracy 2.0% of pt., repeatability 1.0% of pt., Noise 1.0% of Max 2 more linearization parameters apply 4 previously determined methane (CH 4 )RF 3
Evaluated with Engine Dyno and In-Use Testing 1065.920(b) Test Units PEMS Test Platform Test Engine Power Torque ATS NO x CERT g/hp-h NO. NTE Points 1 Engine Lab 2006 Cummins ISM 10.8L 370 hp 1450 ft-lb EGR 1.5 149 2 In-Use 2000 Caterpillar C15 15.0L 475 hp 1650 ft-lb CRT retrofit 4.0 145 3 In-Use 2011 Cummins ISX 11.9L 425 hp 1650 ft-lb OEM DOC, DPF, SCR 0.12 174 Acronyms PEMS AVL portable emission measurement system OEM Original Equipment Manufacture DPF Diesel Particulate Filter DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction ATS Aftertreatment System CRT Continuous Regenerative Trap (Diesel Net) 4
Correlations Performed with UCR Mobile Emissions Laboratory (MEL) (Cocker 2004) 5
The Same Test Routes Used For The Measurement Allowance Program UCR 2000 Caterpillar C15 Route Temperature Humidity Elevation (F) (RH %) (Ft) 1 50-84 20-83 0 2600 2 48-66 45-87 0-1650 3 66-73 42-45 900-1600 2011 Cummins ISX Route Temperature (F) Humidity (RH %) Elevation (Ft) 1 52-79 32-80 0-2600 2 50-75 37-90 0-1650 3 54-59 73-82 900-1600 CRC 6
PEMS Installation Were On the Frame Out of Cab Engine Dyno to fulfill 1065.920(b) In-Use CAT C15 (extra) Study 3b In-Use CUM ISX (extra) 7
Temperature (C) 100 90 80 70 Up Hill In-Use Ambient Temperatures Are 5/08/2008 Temperature Deviations Depending on PEMS Location Not All the Same Trailer Door Cab ATIS_00 ATIS_01 ATIS_02 ATIS_03 ATIS_04 Ambient down hill 60 lunch (engine off) 50 40 100F 30 20 10 ATIS_04 ATIS_03 ATIS_02 ATIS_01 ATIS_00 ATIS_01 0 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 Time (hh:mm) 8
Brake Specific NOx Analysis 9
(AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) Engine Dyno Tests Shows All NOx NTE s Pass (g/kwhr basis) 2006 CUM 10.8 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40 0.60 0.19 0 1 2 3 4 Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 10
(AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) Engine Dyno Tests Shows NOx Averaging + 5% (percentile basis) 2006 CUM 10.8 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 11
(AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) 2000 CAT In-Use Tests Also Shows +5% (percentile basis) 2006 CUM 10.8 2000 CAT 15 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 12
(AVL-MEL)/AVL bsnox (%) 2011 Cummins In-Use Tests Also Shows Good Correl. (percentile basis) 2011 CUM 11.9 2006 CUM 10.8 2000 CAT 15 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% 5% -5% -15% -25% 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) bsnox error is less than 10% at 0.15 g/kwhr (0.11 g/hp-h) bsnox error appears constant from 0.15 to 7 g/hp-h 13
(AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) All Engine and In-Use Tests Show Passing Results (g/kwhr basis) 2011 CUM 11.9 2006 CUM 10.8 2000 CAT 15 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40 0.19 0.60 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 Method 1 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 14
(AVL-MEL) bsnox (g/kwhr) Method 3 Calculation Shows Lower Deviation (g/kwhr basis) 2011 CUM 11.9 2006 CUM 10.8 2000 CAT 15 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00-0.20-0.40 0.19 0.60 0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00 Method 3 MEL bsnox (g/kwhr) 15
Brake Specific CO, THC and CO 2 Analysis 16
Concentrations Low for CO and THC Deviations Not Meaningful Emissions Concentration Vehicle Test NOx ppm 1 CO ppm THC ppm CO2 % 2011 CUM AVL 19.1 0.46 1.21 8.95 2011 CUM MEL 5.06 2.07 1.32 2.65 2006 CUM AVL 192 79.8 52.4 6.96 2006 CUM MEL 53.4 26.6 7.9 1.99 2000 CAT AVL 799 16.61 6.36 7.51 2000 CAT MEL 247 3.69 2.18 2.48 bsemissions (g/kwhr) Vehicle Test NOx CO NMHC CO2 2011 CUM AVL 0.144 0.002 0.003 625 2011 CUM MEL 0.138 0.025-0.0003 640 2006 CUM AVL 2.54 0.582 0.212 867 2006 CUM MEL 2.41 0.714 0.081 845 2000 CAT AVL 6.87 0.086 0.016 622 2000 CAT MEL 6.36 0.056-0.003 611 1 NO x measurements varied from 0.4 ppm to 30 ppm for the MEL and 22 to 152 for the PEMS on the 2011 Cummins engine. Ambient NO x was 0.05 to 0.1 ppm during these tests. 17
bsco2 (AVL-MEL)/MEL bsco 2 Shows a Slight Positive and Neg Bias (percentile basis) 2011 CUM 11.9 2006 CUM 10.8 2000 CAT 15 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 MEL bsco 2 (g/kwh) 18
Successes/Problems Out of the crate linearity, engine dyno, and two in-use tests in two weeks Auto warm up timer had PEMS ready in the morning Fuse on heated circuit tripped slowed down one startup day Lost network a few times and had to restart PEMS 24 volt gaseous PEMS on a 12 volt vehicle (not a big deal) 19
Exhaust Flow (scfm) Exh Flow (AVL-MEL)/MEL (%) Exhaust Flow was A Problem but Corrected Using Steady State Engine Dyno and CVS Calibration AVL MEL % error to MEL 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% -20% -30% -40% -50% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Cycle Time (sec) 20
Carbon emission (g/s) Carbon Balance Shows Similar Trend as Exhaust Flow 16 14 MEL AVL HDD 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Cycle time (sec) 21
Conclusions AVL s Gaseous MOVE s PEMS passed all 1065 laboratory and engine dynamometer requirements thus making it an approved PEMS The MOVE s PEMS showed an allowance of around 10% at the bsnox 0.2 g/hp-h emissions level Exhaust flow is significant factor for pre-2010 vehicles, but concentration may be more important with post-2010 vehicles 22
Acknowledgements Technical Staff Don Pacocha Eddie O Neil Joe Valdez Kurt Bumiller Faculty/Researchers Dr. David R. Cocker III Dr. J. Wayne Miller Undergraduate Students Rachael Hirst 23