Car Sharing as an Environmental and Pedestrian-Friendly Mobility Measure: the Rome Case Study Antonio Musso, Maria Vittoria Corazza, Michele Tozzi Sapienza, University of Rome DICEA - Department of Civil Engineering Sandro Bartolucci, Roberta Mainella Agenzia Roma Servizi per la Mobilità ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 1
Summary Car Sharing as an Environmental and Pedestrian-Friendly Mobility Measure: the Rome Case Study Introduction The CS service in Rome facts and figures assessing the operations profiling the users environmental benefits livability improvements Conclusions ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 2
Introduction Car Sharing (CS) in Rome started to be operative in March 2005, as a trial within an EC-funded project; despite its initial, modest implementation, the measure soon proved to be popular and therefore worth to be progressively upscaled across the city (currently the service is available in four central districts) DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE 120 111 100 80 61 units 60 41 40 24 20 10 4 0 2005 2008 2010 vehicles locations ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 3
Introduction A co-operation between the local CS operator (Agenzia Roma Servizi della Mobilità) and the University of Rome started to define such a development plan Main steps Analysis of current operations Calculation of operational and environmental indicators and general assessment Main goal To prove how a niche measure may contribute to improve air quality and livability in a premium value built environment ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 4
The CS service in Rome: facts and figures Development of operations Currently: 111 vehicles (same make, different models) 61 locations 1,500 CS registered members Points of strength: affordability (low rates and small membership fees, special discounts for transit pass-holders, no extra charges for gas) circulation bonuses (no parking fees, free ride on taxi/bus lanes and access to LTZs) good area coverage at district level (the number of locations, each of them calculated as a circumference with a radius= 500m, compared to the whole neighborhood area, is about 1) ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 5
The CS service in Rome: facts and figures Cost comparison for Rental Cars, Valet Rental, Taxis and Car sharing 200 160 Total Cost (Euro) 120 80 40 CS Rates 0 0 15 30 60 120 180 240 300 360 Trip Time (min) INDIVIDUAL ANNUAL FEE: 100 Euro AVERAGE RATE PER HOUR: 1.80 Euro AVERAGE RATE PER KM: 0.30 Euro Taxi Car Share Rental Car Valet Rental ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 6
The CS service in Rome: facts and figures Development of the service Some performance indicators have been estimated to describe how the service progressed from the operative point of view in the last thirty months. Such a performance analysis was developed comparing four different scenarios of the service: SCENARIOS Memberships Vehicles Locations January March 2008 783 35 22 November 2008 January 2009 1,040 41 24 November 2009 January 2010 1,370 106 61 March 2010 May 2010 1,500 111 61 During the third scenario 37 new locations were introduced in areas where no service was available before ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 7
The CS service in Rome: assessing the operations Development of the service Operational indicators have shown that to a general increase of the service in terms of number of trips and amount of hours the CS vehicles are reserved, did not correspond an equal increase in the average number of km travelled per trip (from 43 to 34 km/trip); such a discrepancy seems to suggest that car sharers use the service more frequently and for shorter trips. 7.000 6.000 TRIPS (UNITS) 5.462 6.836 40.000 35.000 USAGE (HOURS) 30.993 36.024 5.000 30.000 4.000 3.000 2.444 3.141 25.000 20.000 15.000 12.534 16.012 2.000 10.000 1.000 5.000 0 Jan '08 - Mar '08 Nov '08 - Jan '09 Nov '09 - Jan '10 Mar'10 - May '10 0 Jan '08 - Mar '08 Nov '08 - Jan '09 Nov '09 - Jan '10 Mar'10 - May '10 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 8
The CS service in Rome: assessing the operations Differences at urban level To different districts and even locations may correspond very different indicators values, due to several factors as the quality of the built environment where each parking area is located; closeness to other locations which may play the role of equally-preferred option ; car models available at each location, etc. FOCUS: central areas locations n of users per location (units) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ARGENTINA BORGO CHIESA NUOVA NICOSIA POPOLO S.LORENZO TERMINI Jan '08 - Mar '08 Nov '08 - Jan '09 Nov '09 - Jan '10 Mar '10 - May '10 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 9
The CS service in Rome: assessing the operations Best and worst locations according to operational performances indicators (monthly) VILLAGGIO OLIMPICO BUOZZI EUCLIDE n. of trips max av min 102 11 1 EROI VITTORIE BELLE ARTI BUENOS AIRES km travelled max av min 4,488 338 63 BORGO ARGENTINA TERMINI % usage (used h/24h)*100 max av min 17.7 4.1 1.6 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 10
The CS service in Rome: profiling the users With about 20 trips/user per year, the Rome CS member: is an adult (age: 35-60), makes in average 34 km per trip in about 5 hours, picks up the car usually at 3 different locations but merging results from an O/D matrix with a GIS-based analysis of typical home - CS location distances 196 185 186 187 184 O/D MUN CAP 1 144 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 153 41 5 0 0 2 12 9 0 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 165 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 184 8 15 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 2 0 6 0 2 5 1 185 4 21 7 8 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 1 186 45 10 0 0 1 33 28 8 22 7 8 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 187 2 4 0 0 1 2 5 3 3 0 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 196 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 197 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 199 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 161 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 184 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 185 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 186 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 196 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 197 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 198 3 8 0 0 4 1 3 1 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 199 4 0 0 0 2 2 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 161 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 162 3 8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 185 2 6 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 198 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 137 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 138 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 139 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ARGENTINA (Via Botteghe Oscure 37) P.07 TERMINI (Largo Montemartini snc) P.06 ESQUILINO 1 (Piazza Dante 12) P.34 ESQUILINO 2 (Piazza Fanti 30) P.35 PORTA MAGGIORE (P.za P.ta Maggiore) P.33 CHIESA NUOVA (Piazza Chiesa Nuova) P.08 NICOSIA (Via Monte Brianzo 4) P.09 ARA PACIS (Passeggiata di Ripetta) P.40 PANTHEON (Via di Santa Caterina) P.38 VALLATI (Lungotevere Vallati snc) P.27 POPOLO (Via Ferdinando di Savoia 1) P.10 QUIRINALE (Via XXIV Maggio 56) P.37 CRISPI (Via Crispi 22) P.39 VENETO (Via Marche 1) P.41 RIONE MONTI ZTL (Via Urbana 11b) P.36 SAN GIOVANNI (V.le Carlo Felice 11) P.32 CELIO (Via Annia 48) P.31 QUATTRO FONTANE (Via 4 Fontane 21b) P.4 + + ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 11
The CS service in Rome: profiling the users it came out that, for each location, there are three kinds of CS members a) Those who live in the district and hopefully walk to the chosen CS parking (home-cs parking distance < 2 km) b) Those who do not live in the district and drive to the chosen CS parking (home-cs parking trip < 40 min., up to 40 km) c) Those who do not live in the district and walk or drive more Walkers are the majority (70 %) some locations are used by walkers, only as a result, the importance of closeness is very relevant as: The average distance by walking members = 530 m The average distance by driving members = 5 km (or 16 min) ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 12
The CS service in Rome: profiling the users The 530 m distance by walking domestic members OPERATIVE PARKING AREAS PARKING AREAS EXPECTED TO BE OPERATIVE BY THE END OF 2010 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 13
The CS service in Rome: assessing the locations The success of a location depends (mainly) on land use: Typical winning factors for a location: Areas with a mix of residential and commercial/ business use (residential areas < 60% of the district surface) Good transit supply nearby (at least 5 bus lines, stops < 150 m distance) Walking distance which suggests that CS works well at Transit Oriented Developments - TODs (Cervero, Sasheen, Littmann) ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 14
The CS service in Rome: assessing the locations For each CS location, some characteristics of the built environment where such parking areas are located, have been assessed. Built Environment Quality parameters of the road and transit network: number of nodes (units) number of links (units) density of nodes (n. of nodes / sqkm) density of links (n. of links / sqkm)) number of blocks (units) average size per block (sqkm) Walkability Proximity parameters of the road network: Pedestrian Catchment Area Accessibility Connectivity parameters of the road network: α index γ index ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 15
The CS service in Rome: assessing the locations Built Environment Quality parameters of the road network: 3 recurring patterns PARKING AREA: MASSIMINA N of NODES 72 N of LINKS 119 N of BLOCKS 32 PARKING AREA: LECCE N of NODES 150 N of LINKS 271 N of BLOCKS 111 PARKING AREA: ARGENTINA N of NODES 312 N of LINKS 530 N of BLOCKS 161 AVERAGE SIZE PER BLOCK 6.28 ha AVERAGE SIZE PER BLOCK 1.81 ha AVERAGE SIZE PER BLOCK 1.25 ha suburban location central location historic area location The higher number of blocks, the best network connections! ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 16
The CS service in Rome: environmental benefits The CS fleet is composed by conventional gas-fuelled, EURO 4 and 5- compliant vehicles; moreover the CS vehicles are newer (2 years old) than most private vehicles (the average age of the private cars fleet registered in Rome is about 8 years old) and with: better engine technology improved fuel efficiency lower emission levels vehicle type units average age (years) EURO requirements CINQUECENTO 6 1.3 EURO V PANDA 68 1.4 EURO IV GRANDE PUNTO 28 1.7 EURO IV MULTIPLA 2 3 EURO IV DOBLO 5 1.4 EURO IV FIORINO 1 1 EURO IV The private cars fleet registered in Rome (1,923,397 vehicles) is other Euro 0 0% compliant with Euro requirements as follows: 12% 12.12 % Euro 0 8.58% Euro 1 18.91% Euro 2 20.77% Euro3 39.52% Euro 4 (ACI 31/12/2008) Euro 4 39% Euro 1 9% Euro 2 19% Euro 3 21% ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 17
The CS service in Rome: environmental benefits The calculation of the environmental effects due to the circulation of the CS fleet and its relevance at urban level have been elaborated, starting from the number of trips and km travelled for each type of vehicle available in the CS fleet in 2009 500 TRIPS : 727 MILEAGE: 30,805 USERS: 188 MULTIPLA TRIPS : 432 MILEAGE: 20,462 USERS: 180 PANDA TRIPS : 8,788 MILEAGE: 378,276 USERS: 741 DOBLO TRIPS : 285 MILEAGE: 12,226 USERS: 116 GRANDE PUNTO TRIPS : 3,873 MILEAGE: 276,224 USERS: 571 NO MORE AVAILABLE PUNTO TRIPS : 518 MILEAGE: 25,527 USERS: 189 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 18
The CS service in Rome: environmental benefits The emission package due to the CS fleet and the registered private cars fleet have been estimated according to the COPERT methodology: E p = fe pjk x N j x perc jk fe pjk N j perc jk emission factor per p-pollutan, j-class of vehicles and k-driving cycle (g/km*veh) number of j-class vehicles (units) travel lenght for the j-class of vehicles and k-driving cycle (km) For each pollutant an average emission factor has been estimated taking into account the composition of the registered fleet circulating in Rome in terms of: EURO requirements; type of fuel used (gasoline/diesel); vehicle category ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 19
The CS service in Rome: environmental benefits CARBON DIOXIDE vehicle type CO 2 g/km The local operator provided the specific CO 2 emission factor per each type of CS vehicle CINQUECENTO 119.00 PANDA 119.00 GRANDE PUNTO 139.00 MULTIPLA 204.00 DOBLO 168.00 FIORINO 204.00 The difference between the CO 2 emissions of the CS fleet in comparison to the private cars fleet regarding the same mileage travelled in 2009 is about - 46% CO2 CS fleet - 46% passenger cars fleet 0 50 100 150 200 tons / year ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 20
The CS service in Rome: environmental benefits The comparison results in terms of CO, NO x, PM and NMVOC emissions 120 100 emission comparison (%) 80 60 40 20 0-20 -40-60 -80-100 CO NOx PM NMVOC - 46% - 49% - 64% - 81% passenger cars fleet CS fleet decrease pollutant ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 21
The CS service in Rome: livability improvements CS has a not negligible effect on traffic, in terms of reduction of circulating passenger cars In Rome each CS vehicle replaces at least 12-14 private cars livability indicators have been based on the yearly number of CS members (in 2008 and 2009) and the average number of passenger cars per inhabitants in Rome (0,67) INDICATORS ANNUAL REDUCTION OF CIRCULATING PASSENGER CARS (units) ANNUAL REDUCTION OF ON-STREET PARKING PRESSURE (sqm) ANNUAL SAVING POTENTIAL SPACE* (km*sqkm) 2008 656 7,872 11,808 2009 742 8,904 23,356 (*) = Area required by a 10-km, home-to-work trip (two ways) in a given working day UITP standards 2001 ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 22
The CS service in Rome: livability improvements Space saved by CS per year = Campo de Fiori + Piazza Farnese surfaces Reduction of onstreet parking (sqm) ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 23
Conclusions The lesson learned from Rome so far proved that even minor measures as CS can contribute far beyond expectations to improve environment and livability, even though a strong impact on travel patterns in Rome is currently beyond reach However, more important is to assess such a service in terms of achievable environmental benefits and livability: For all the citizens: Less pollution Improved urban environment at an affordable cost (theoretical cost of the service per inhabitant:0.34 ) For the most frequent users: Increase walking (annual average number of steps per user: 53,000= 42.4km) Increase health (annual average energy expenditure: 2,200 kcal ) ANNUAL POLIS CONFERENCE, Dresden, 25 November 2010 24