TECHNOLOGIES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS ELECTRIC BUSES AND NETWORKS

UITP TRAINING PROGRAMME on behalf of GIZ TRANSPORT AND CLIMATE CHANGE WEEK MODULE: TECHNOLOGIES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTS ELECTRIC BUSES AND NETWORKS JEN FONGERS /SENIOR ADVISOR BUS AND SMART CITIES BERLIN, SEPTEMBER 21, 2017 1

CONTENT OF THIS SESSION 1. Why Hybrid and/or Electric drive lines? 2. Electric drive line configurations 3. Charging system 4. Fuel cell (Hydrogen) Hybrid buse 5. Operational costs 6. Developments / Actuals / Trends. 3 UITP

THE ENERGY CHOICE Emissions Electrification 4 UITP

HYBRID AND/OR ELECTRIC DRIVE LINE versus regular drive lines with a COMBUSTION ENGINE 1. Advantages: Zero emission (at point of operation) Lower energy consumption (20 % due to regenerative braking) High(er) performances Longer life cycles (due to technique) Silent drive. Better comfort for driver and passengers. Less pollution (Nox, particles, etc). Electric energy is the only energy we can generate clean from renewable sources, without environmental impacts Prof. Dr. Ing. Müller-Hellmann at ZeEUS Kick off, Brussel January 2014. 5 UITP

HYBRID AND/OR ELECTRIC DRIVE LINE versus regular drive lines with a combustion engine 2. Disadvantages: Quite new Technology for PT Although: Infrastructure. Electro-Grids needed Life cycle of Battery-component? Implementation of many pilot-models Electricity not always green (Well to Wheel) Prof. Müller-Hellman.. 6 UITP

HYBRID AND/OR ELECTRIC BUSES 36 <<< >>> UITP

HYBRID-ELECTRIC DRIVE LINE SYSTEMS Let's delve deeper into the technique of hybrid (cross between two of a kind) (electric) drivelines on buses.. 8

2. Drive line configurations: Br Conventional Full Electric Parallel Hybrid Split Hybrid 9 Combution engine with (aut) gearbox Combution engine with generator Verbrandings- en elektromotor zijn verbonden met de aandrijving. Deze kunnen het voertuig afzonderlijk of gezamenlijk aandrijven. Electric motor Fuel tank Battery (package) Het vermogen van de verbrandingsmotor kan zowel op de aangedreven as als op de dynamo worden overgebracht. Serial Hybrid Het vermogen van de verbrandingsmotor wordt in een dynamo geheel in elektrisch energie omgezet. Source: EOV / J. Fongers / RET

Electric motor central or integrated in axle E-Driveline, energy source concepts. Energy storage External energy supply Cable & plug Conductive Inductive Opportunity charging Overhead line Battery Traction electrics Generator Diesel engine Gas engine Fuel cell On-board energy generation Regenerative electric energy (motor = alternator, while braking). 10

ENERGY FLOW IN FULL ELECTRIC BUS 11 Video from Volvo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_txy3wtp1le UITP

Different (full) E-drives on the market Central motor + Proven technology + Lower price Takes up space in interior Comparatively loud Mounted in axle * From ZF (and BYD) + No interior intrusion + Commonality in parts and tyres HV training required for work on axle/tyres Wheel hub * From ZA / E-Traction + Highest efficiency + Exceptionally quiet No commonality of parts and tyres More susceptible to shock damage 12 UITP

Strategic choices (specifications) < Autonomy < Depot charging Opportunity charging Batteries + Weight - Passengers capacity Charging time = HOURS Charging time = MINUTS At the dépôt Slow Charging (High Energy) In the city Fast Charging (High Power) BATTERIES Mass 2,8 t 3,4 t BATTERIES Mass 1,6 t 13 UITP

3. CHARGING SYSTEMS It s not all about the vehicle... Continuous charging Overnight charging Opportunity charging Trolley Expensive infrastructure Less flexibility * Heavy battery packs Restrictive range Demands extra (power) management on depot Inductive charging Expensive vehicles Expensive installation Lower transfer efficiency Magnetic shielding Conductive charging Expensive infra Sensitive pantograph on bus and/or station Operational flexibility? 14 Credits: Volvo/Siemens/Iveco UITP 2016, all rights reserved

Charging systems electric buses in practice > Trolley >> also IMC In Move Charging > Battery overnight charging (plug in) >> > Battery opportunity charging 4x: > And/or a Hydrogen power pack >>> pl. wait. 15 UITP

Opportunity charging versus overnight charging 16

INDUCTIVE CHARGING 17 Video Primove: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hgrk8ahkmw (short cut) UITP

Opportunity charging systems continued 6 different conductive systems Intermittent fast charging supercapacotors 1 inductive. 18 UITP

SHORT VIDEO GOTHENBURG MAY, 2014 19 With HTC Mobile Hybrid User Forum by JF. UITP

VIDEO (VOLVO WITH OPPCHARGE IN HAMBURG 2016) 20 Video Volvo Hamburg: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yivaqqzskcs UITP

Standardization Charging Infrastructure vital Slow charging / overnight CCS easy to be adapted Fast charging / opportunity Many charging solutions And different implementations of the same charging solution UITP ebus standardization steering & technical groups ZeEUS VDV Standardization working group 21 Basis for standardisation www.zeeus.eu <<< >>> CEN-CENELEC (EC Mandate M/533 about ebus standards for 2019) UITP 2016, all rights reserved

4. HYDROGEN (HYBRID) BUSES Pl. Note: MAN Bus with H2 Combustion Engine at BVG, Berlin > < Hymove bus project The Netherlands EvoBus-MB Fuel Cell Buses at Hamburger Hochbahn > Van Hool H2 bus, 20-30 running in Belgium London Transport VDL Phylias H2. 4x Eindhoven / Köln 22 Jf > all were Pilots 2006/8-2013 UITP

The HYDROGEN / FUEL CELL System 23 UITP

Fuel Cell explanation. 24 Video: Fuel Cell Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imv_ufizxpy UITP

Fuel Cell Buses: all still pilots but 25 UITP

Fuel Cell Buses: Forecast? European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking 2016 49 <<< >>>

Once again: Factors to determine the drive line and as such the kind of fuel/energy Daily distances / number of stops Environmental impact on spot Needed power Legislations Etc. (= Paris 12-12-15 / JF) For example: Levels of PT-electrification in the city. (by Volvo) 27 UITP

2014-2015: YES WE CAN 2016-2018: YES, WE DO 28 <<< >>> UITP

5. ABOUT OPERATIONAL COSTS BREAK DOWN OF COSTS for Diesel City Bus 52% 9% 6% 11% 1% 8% 13% Capital Maintenance Diesel Fuel + AdBlue Drivers Other Personnel Other Cost Emission Cost 12 m. City operation: 60.000 km/a and 1,10 /l Diesel >> 29 UITP

Yes, different rates around the world... Ex: Western country Ex: Affluent Asian country Ex. Developping country Older buses Ex. Developping country Newer buses 30 <<< >>> UITP 2016, all rights reserved

6. DEVELOPMENTS & TRENDS 31

Actuallities in the City E-Bus sector 32 Intermittent fast charging of supercapacotors

NOTE: Also a remarkable upgrade on Trolley busses (by adding batterypower packs) Beijing (China) 33 <<< >>> > Flexibility with batteries for sections without overhead wires. UITP 2016, all rights reserved

THE MARKET / MAKES / VEHICLES 1 ALEXANDER DENNIS 12 m & Double Deck BOLLORE BLUEBUS BYD 12 m BYD 18 m EBUSCO 12m HESS 12 m, 18 m & 24 m HEULIEZ Bus12 m 35

THE MARKET / MAKES / VEHICLES 2 IRIZAR 12 m & 18 m LINNKER 13 (& 12) m MAN NEW FLYER PROTERRA SOLARIS 36

THE MARKET / MAKES / VEHICLES 3 VAN HOOL VDL VOLVO 37 YUTONG IVECO, SOR, Dennis, etc.

Video > Implementation >> Impact 38 You Tube VDL (shortened/sound) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6q9pktu-2s UITP

FEATURES For Operators and Customers 39

Future view on integrated bus systems 40 Scania Bus solutions 2015-16 You Tube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9aui3viptw

FUTURE for example >> video 41 Part out of You Tube video (Mercedes): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ofrjct8eng UITP

Thank you for your attention. 42 UITP