ENVIRONMENTAL GAS ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSION LEVELS

Similar documents
HEAT REJECTION HEAT REJECTION AND OPERATING DATA MODEL L36GL/GLD; LOW SPEED TURBOS.

(2) An engine subject to this rule or specifically exempt by Subsection (b)(1) of this rule shall not be subject to Rule 68.

Intricacies of VOC Measurement

Power Ratings. *Indicates a trademark of INNIO

3.1 Air Pollution Control Officer (APCO): as defined in Rule 1020 (Definitions).

RULE 4352 SOLID FUEL FIRED BOILERS, STEAM GENERATORS AND PROCESS HEATERS (Adopted September 14, 1994; Amended October 19, 1995; Amended May 18, 2006)

Bureau of Air Quality Technical Support Document General Permit GP-5 January 31, 2013

Permit Holder. Permitted Equipment

DEUTZ Corporation 914 Gas. Customer / Event DEUTZ Corporation Presentation DATE, 2010

TG 150 G8V TX 86 (Dwg. No /xx)

State of the Art (SOTA) Manual for Internal Combustion Engines

RULE 4702 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PHASE 2 (Adopted August 21, 2003; Amended June 16, 2005; Amended April 20, 2006; Amended January 18, 2007)

AUTHORITY TO CONSTRUCT

Presented by: Richard M. Cestone, PE, CHMM Senior Project Engineer Remington & Vernick Engineers For New Jersey Water Environment Association

Oxidation Technologies for Stationary Rich and Lean Burn Engines

ETV Joint Verification Statement

GE Power. Waukesha gas engines. Power Ratings

BACT Determination Information

Appendix K. Final DOC Conditions

EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AMMONIA-GASOLINE SI ENGINE

ALLEGHENY COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT AIR QUALITY PROGRAM

AUTHORITY TO CONSTRUCT

3. Operation of any applicable boiler on any amount of fuel oil shall be prohibited, except as provided in Subsection C.3.

GE Power. Waukesha * gas engines. Power Ratings

This rule applies to any internal combustion engine rated at 25 brake horsepower or greater.

Engine Division Training Center

Introduction to the ICAO Engine Emissions Databank

NATURAL GAS STANDBY. Gas Generator Set. 500 ekw 750 kva 60 HZ 1800 RPM FEATURES

RULE 412 STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES LOCATED AT MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES OF NO X Adopted INDEX

Oxidation Technologies for Stationary Rich and Lean Burn Engines

Generator set data sheet 1000 kw continuous. Fuel type: Natural gas MI 62 +

Applicable Requirements - NSPS Subpart JJJJ

RULE 4306 BOILERS, STEAM GENERATORS, AND PROCESS HEATERS PHASE 3 (Adopted September 18, 2003; Amended March 17, 2005; Amended October 16, 2008)

In-Use Evaluation of Regulated, Ammonia and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Heavy-Duty CNG Transit Buses Using a Portable FTIR and PEMS

Catalysts For Efficient and Reliable Emission Reduction

Appendix K. DOC Conditions

See Note. 100% of rated load

See Note. 100% of rated load 2,4,6, (17.73)

Introducing GE s Waukesha*

Rita Aiello/5 December 2016/Johnson Matthey, Stationary Emissions Control

Fuels, Combustion and Environmental Considerations in Industrial Gas Turbines - Introduction and Overview

Chapter 4 ANALYTICAL WORK: COMBUSTION MODELING

RICE MACT 40 CFR 63, Subpart ZZZZ. SI Source Requirements 7/18/2013

Air-Fuel Control and Emissions for Gas Engines - White Paper -

Introducing GE s Waukesha* 275GL*+

Appendix A.1 Calculations of Engine Exhaust Gas Composition...9

INDIA EMISSION REGULATIONS SUMMARY

State Legislation, Regulation or Document Reference. Civil Aviation Rule (CAR) ; Civil Aviation Rules (CAR) Part 21. Appendix C.

NATURAL GAS CONTINUOUS

Lean and clean dredging for a better future

Regulatory Impacts of Biogas-fired Internal Combustion Engines

GEN SET PERFORMANCE DATA [HCC PREFIX]

ANNEX 13. UNIFIED INTERPRETATIONS TO MARPOL ANNEX VI AND THE NO x TECHNICAL CODE

Working Smarter, Not Harder

Learning Guide EMISSION SPECIALIST 5 GAS ANALYSIS COURSE NUMBER: E001-01

See Note. 100% of rated load

Verified Retrofit Technologies and Product Offerings. Northeast Diesel Collaborative February 26, 2015

See Note. 100% of rated load

RULE STATIONARY GAS TURBINES Adopted (Amended , ) INDEX

Emission Control Technology for Stationary Internal Combustion Engines

See Note. 100% of rated load

Methods to Find the Cost-Effectiveness of Funding Air Quality Projects

MARAMA 2015 SCIENCE MEETING JULY 29-30, 2015 RICHMOND, VIRGINIA

Technologies to Reduce GT Emissions

IAPH Tool Box for Port Clean Air Programs

NARRATIVE. Dika Kuoh Steve Allison DATE: August 5, 2015

SECTION 2.05 FUEL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION FUEL SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Certification: EPA TIER EU STAGE -IIIA IMO II General Performance Data 1 INTAKE MFLD TEMP DEG F

Appendix E3 Emissions Worksheets UPDATED

Georgia Tech Sponsored Research

April 24, Docket No. CPSC

PATENTED TECHNOLOGY» PROVEN RESULTS» PAYBACK

STATIONARY ENGINES AIR EMISSIONS RESEARCH FINAL REPORT

ACN April 2014

Regulation No. 3 Changes For Internal Combustion Engines. Christine Hoefler November 14, 2012

ALLEGHENY COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT AIR QUALITY PROGRAM

February 28, Definition of Engines Covered Under the Rule

ALLEGHENY COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT AIR QUALITY PROGRAM

Curve Number: FR Engine Critical Parts List: CPL 2893 Date: 19Jun00. Aspiration : Turbocharged and Aftercooled

Air Individual Permit Permit Limits to Avoid NSR

The purpose of this rule is to limit VOC emissions from the transfer of organic liquids.

Testing of particulate emissions from positive ignition vehicles with direct fuel injection system. Technical Report

A Primer: Aircraft Emissions & Environmental Impact

WORKSHOP REPORT. No, the RICE NESHAP applies only to stationary engines as defined in 40 CFR

See Note. 100% of rated load. Mechanical efficiency ISO3046/1 2,4,7 35.2% 34.8% 34.1% Electrical efficiency ISO3046/1 2,4,6,7 33.7% 33.4% 32.

See Note. 100% of rated load

Overview of Revisions to the Proposed GP-5A and GP-5 and Emissions Discussion

This is a new permit condition titled, "2D.1111 Subpart ZZZZ, Part 63 (Existing Non-Emergency nonblack start CI > 500 brake HP)"

DTC P0420 or P0430. Circuit Description. DTC Descriptors. Conditions for Running the DTC

LNG: Legal and regulatory framework. Canepa Monica World Maritime University

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS TIER 4 INTERIM / STAGE IIIB PRODUCTS

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AIR QUALITY DIVISION. September 28, 2005 PERMIT TO INSTALL

Technical Support Note

Technical Data TRS TRS Series. Gas Engine rev/min

Internal Combustion Engines Air Updates 2010

Hot-film Air-mass Meter HFM 6

This rule shall apply to any stationary source which is a major source of regulated air pollutants or of hazardous air pollutants.

NATURAL GAS CONTINUOUS 480 ekw 600 kva 495 ekw 619 kva 505 ekw 631 kva 510 ekw 637 kva 50 HZ 1500 RPM 400 VOLTS

Effect of Biodiesel Fuel on Emissions from Diesel Engine Complied with the Latest Emission Requirements in Japan Ref: JSAE Paper No.

RC CATALYTIC CONVERTER INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Transcription:

Waukesha Engine s approach to exhaust emission levels is to offer various stages of emission control technology. This approach allows the customer to select the exhaust emission level required for a particular installation. The following tables indicate emission levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period and are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Emissions are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute IO Power (continuous duty) rating. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales The tabulated emission levels for GL models are achieved at the standard engine settings. Trade off adjustments can be made to reduce emissions or fuel consumption, but not both. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales Engineering Department for more information. As an aid in evaluating emission requirements, tables of approximate unit conversion factors for exhaust emission levels are included. Both G and GI engines that are manually adjusted have the potential to achieve the same emission values as engines equipped with an air/fuel ratio control device. The exhaust emissions, however, must be monitored and the engine adjusted to compensate for changes in ambient conditions and the heating value of the fuel gas. Particularly with catalytic exhaust after-treatment, a Waukesha CEC AFM (Custom Engine Control Air/Fuel Module) is recommended to achieve optimum emissions control. Waukesha emission control systems are designed for long life and consistent engine emission levels as listed in the following tables. It must be recognized, however, that engine condition and the quality of engine maintenance have a direct bearing on emission control. A control system cannot compensate for engine or maintenance deficiencies. ome acceptable instruments for site engine adjustment of emissions are portable analyzers with two percent (2%) accuracy, for example: Horiba Mexa-201GE CO NDIR Analyzer with 0.5% and 2% ranges Teledyne Model 320A Oxygen Analyzer Provision to lower the exhaust sample dew point to 40 F or less is required. Waukesha Engine has available a mobile emissions measurement van which can provide a non-certification engine emissions testing service. The instruments and systems in the van were selected to comply with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) heavy duty engine test requirements - reference 40CFR86. In addition, a proposed procedure, modified EPA Reference Method 20 for stationary internal combustion engines, can be employed if required. The following emittants can be measured: oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO 2, NO X ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ) and total and non-methane hydrocarbons (THC and NMHC). Contact Waukesha s ales Engineering Department for further information. Page 1 of 8

Table 1 ATGL EMIION LEVEL GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY MA ETTING NOx 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O 2 EXCE AT25GL 1.0 2.25 1.0 8.0 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 1.5 1.7 0.50 5.0 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 AT27GL Ultra Lean 1.25 1.5 0.40 3.5 0.05 11.2 32.0:1 1.2:1 2.00 These AT-GL emission levels are based on 00 1000 rpm operation. For information at all other speeds contact Waukesha s ales Engineering Department. Table 2 VHP EMIION LEVEL GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY MA ETTING NOX 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O 2 EXCE G, GI F3524GI L7044GI L574GI 8.5 32.0 0.35 2.3 1.15 15.5:1.3:1 0.7 Equal NOx & CO 12.0 12.0 0.35 2.3 0.45 15.:1.6:1 0. 13.0.0 2.0 0.38 15.5:1.6:1 0. 22.0 1.5 1.5 0.02 1.35 17.0:1 10.2:1 1.06 Equal NOx & CO 14.0 14.0 1.1 0.45 15.85:1.5:1 0. 15.0 13.0 0.20 1.0 0.38 15.5:1.6:1 0. 23.0 2.0 0.20 0.8 0.02 1.35 17.0:1 10.2:1 1.06 Equal NOx & CO 13.5 13.5 0.45 3.0 0.45 15.85:1.5:1 0. 14.5 11.0 0.45 2. 0.38 15.5:1.6:1 0. 22.0 3.0 0.35 2.4 0.02 1.35 17.0:1 10.2:1 1.06 GL 1.5 2.65 1.0 5.5 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 L5774LT # 2.6 2.0 0.60 4.0 0.04 8.0 24.7:1 14.8:1 1.54 L574LT # 2.6 2.0 0.60 4.0 0.04 7.8 24.5:1 14.7:1 1.52 # L5774LT and L574LT emission levels are based on 1000 1200 rpm operation. For information at all other speeds contact Waukesha s ales Engineering Department. The above tables indicate emission levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period and are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Emissions are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute IO Power (continuous duty) rating. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales Page 2 of 8

Table 3 VGF EMIION LEVEL GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY MA ETTING NOX 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O 2 EXCE 12.0 28.0 2.0 1.1 15.5:1.3:1 0.7 G GID GL, GLD 11:1 CR GLD/2 + (200 BMEP) 11:1 CR GL 8.7:1 CR GL 11:1 CR Equal NOx & CO 15.0 15.0 2.0 0.70 15.8:1.5:1 0.8 (High peed Turbo Only) T.A. Luft Emissions (High peed Turbo Only) (High peed Turbo Only) Code 1105 (High Altitude Low NOx) 16.0 10.0 2.0 0.38 15.5:1.6:1 0. 28.0 0.8 1.3 0.20 2.4 18.0:1 10.8:1 1.12 16.0 8.0 1.5 0.35 0.18 15.5:1.6:1 0. 2.6 1.75 0.75 5.0 0.04 7.8 24.5:1 14.7:1 1.53 1.25 1.65 0.45 3.5 0.03 8.2 25.4:1 15.2:1 1.5 1.25 2.1 0.65 4.2 0.04.0 26.2 15.7:1 1.65 2.0 1.7 0.45 3.0 0.04 7.8 24.5:1 14.7:1 1.53 1.0 ++ 1.45 0.35 3.0 0.033 8.0 24.8 14.:1 1.54 + For VGF GLD/2 models, the above table indicates emission levels that are for engines running on Dutch natural gas of 70 Btu/ft 3 (31.45 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of or higher, 81% methane content by volume, and at IO conditions. ++ NOx emissions level applies at continuous BHP (160 BMEP) at 25 grains/lb. absolute humidity. The above tables indicate emission levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period or are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Emissions are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute IO Power (continuous duty) rating. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales Page 3 of 8

Table 4 VG EMIION LEVEL GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY ETTING NOX 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O2 MA EXCE 10.0.5.5 38.0 35.0 35.0 0.45 3.0 1.7 1.7 1.15 1.15 1.15 15.5:1 15.5:1 15.5:1.3:1.3:1.3:1 0.7 0.7 0.7 14.0 14.0 0.45 3.0 0.46 0.38 15.8:1.5:1 0.8 Equal NOx & CO 16.0 16.0 1.6 0.54 0.2 15.8:1.5:1 0.8 G, GI, GID 16.0 15.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 0.50 1.6 2.8 1.5 1.5 0.54 0.38 0.52 0.52 0.2 0.40 15.8:1 15.5:1 15.5:1 15.5:1.5:1.6:1.6:1.6:1 0.8 0. 0. 0. 25.0 28.0 28.0 0. 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.2 1.2 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.10 1.40 1.40 17.7:1 17.0:1 17.0:1 10.6:1 10.2:1 10.2:1 1.10 1.06 1.06 Table 5 F117G EMIION LEVEL GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY MA ETTING NOX 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O 2 EXCE 10.0 3.0 0.50 3.0 1.35 15.5:1.3:1 0.7 G Equal NOx & CO 14.0 14.0 0.35 2.3 0.45 0.35 16.0:1.6:1 1.00 13.5 17.0 0.35 2.3 0.60 15.5:1.6:1 0. 22.0 1.3 1.2 0.04 1.35 17.0:1 10.2:1 1.06 The above tables indicate emission levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period or are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Emissions are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute IO Power (continuous duty) rating. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales Page 4 of 8

Table 6 F817G EMIION LEVEL G GRAM/BHP-HR % OBERVED DRY MA ETTING NOX 1 CO NMHC 4 THC CO O 2 EXCE AIR RATIO 8.5 38.0 0.35 2.3 1.30 15.5:1.3:1 0.7 Equal NOx & CO 13.0 13.0 2.0 0.45 0.35 16.0:1.6:1 1.00 12.0 15.0 2.0 0.50 15.5:1.6:1 0. 18.0 1.3 2.0 0.04 1.35 17.0:1 10.2:1 1.06 The above tables indicate emission levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period or are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Emissions are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute IO Power (continuous duty) rating. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales (FOR ALL TABLE) 1. NOx is measured as (NO + NO 2) and expressed as NO 2. 2. Air/fuel ratio values are based on a natural gas fuel with a stoichiometric mass air/fuel ratio of 16.05:1 and a H/C ratio of 3.85. Refer to -7884-7, or latest revision, for the complete gaseous fuel specification for Waukesha engines. 3. Consult with individual catalyst manufacturers for their preferred air/fuel ratio set point and specific post-catalyst emission values. 4. Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) includes all hydrocarbon gasses in the exhaust except for methane (CH 4). This value can be used for Reactive Organic Gasses (ROG), Reactive Organic Compounds (ROC), and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Page 5 of 8

FORMALDEHYDE EMIION LEVEL The following table provides formaldehyde (CH 2 O) levels that are valid for new engines for the duration of the standard warranty period and are attainable by an engine in good operating condition running on commercial quality natural gas of 00 BTU/ft 3 (35.38 MJ/m 3 [25, V(0; 101.325)]) LHV, Waukesha Knock Index of 1 or higher, 3% methane content by volume, and at IO standard conditions. Values are based on standard engine timing at 1 WKI with an absolute noted, these emission levels can be achieved across the continuous duty speed range at the load levels tabulated. Contact the local Waukesha representative or Waukesha s ales Engineering Department for emission values which can be obtained on a case-by-case basis for specific Table 7 Formaldehyde Emission Levels ETTING CH 2O GRAM/BHP-HR PERCENT LOAD 100% 75% % OBERVED DRY MA CO O 2 EXCE AT25GL Lean Burn 0.18 0.20 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 AT27GL Lean Burn 0.18 0.20 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 Ultra Lean 0.18 0.20 0.05 11.2 32.0:1 1.2:1 2.00 VHP G, GI Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.02 1.15 1.35 15.5:1 17.0:1.3:1 10.2:1 0.7 1.06 VHP eries 4 GI L5774LT L574LT Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.45 1.35 15.85:1 17.0:1.5:1 10.2:1 0. 1.06 Lean Burn 0.22 0.04 7.8 8.0 24.5:1 24.7:1 14.7:1 14.8:1 1.52 1.54 VHP GL Lean Burn 0.2 0.34 0.06.8 28.0:1 16.8:1 1.74 VGF G, GID VGF GL, GLD, GLD/2 VG G, GI, GID Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.20 1.1 0.18 2.4 15.5:1 18.0:1.3:1 10.8:1 0.7 1.12 Lean Burn 0.1 0.22 0.03 0.04 7.8.0 21.5:1 25.4:1 13.:1 15.2:1 1.53 1.65 Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.02 1.15 0.2 2.10 15.5:1 17.7:1.3:1 10.6:1 0.7 1.10 F117G Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.04 1.35 1.35 15.5:1 17.0:1.3:1 10.2:1 0.7 1.06 F817G Rich Burn 0.05 0.05 0.04 1.30 1.35 15.5 :1 17.0:1.3:1 10.2:1 0.7 1.06 Page 6 of 8

APPENDIX A CONVERION FACTOR ALL FACTOR ARE APPROXIMATE MULTIPLY BY Excess Air Ratio(λ ) TO CONVERT INTO G, GI(D) 0.3-1.06 VGF, GL(D) 1.53 VHP/AT-GL(D) 1.74 AT27-GL 2.00 For NOx (as NO 2) 67 3.03x10 4 1.43x10-2 3.21x10-5 73 3.311x10 4 1.370x10-2 3.020x10-5 75 3.402x10 4 1.33x10-2 2.4x10-5 80 3.62x10 4 1.250x10-2 2.756x10-5 For CO 110 4.0x10 4.01x10-3 2.004x10-5 120 5.44x10 4 8.34x10-3 1.84x10-5 123 5.58x10 4 8.13x10-3 1.7x10-5 128 5.806x10 4 7.813x10-3 1.722x10-5 For HC (as CH 3.85) 14 8.800x10 4 5.155x10-3 1.136x10-5 212.616x10 4 4.717x10-3 1.040x10-5 212.616x10 4 4.717x10-3 1.040x10-5 212.616x10 4 4.717x10-3 1.040x10-5 PPMV @ 15% O 2 = PPMV observed X ( 5. ) (20.-%O 2) grams X 1 lb = lbs bhp-hr 453.6 grams bhp-hr lbs X bhp = lbs bhp-hr hr lbs X 24 hrs X 365 days X 1 ton = tons hr day year 2000 lbs year Page 7 of 8

APPENDIX B METRIC (I) CONVERION FACTOR ALL FACTOR ARE APPROXIMATE Current European practice is to express emission levels in grams or milligrams (g or mg) per normal cubic meter (nm 3 ) at 5% oxygen. Emission values expressed in these units can be converted into g/bhp-hr units and back with the following conversion factors: A) For rich-burn, G and GI, engines: g/bhp-hr = g/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 2.7 g/bhp-hr = mg/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 0.0027 g/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 X 2.7 = g/bhp-hr mg/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 X 0.0027 = g/bhp-hr B) For lean-burn, GL and LT, engines: g/bhp-hr = g/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 2.47 g/bhp-hr = mg/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 0.00247 g/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 X 2.47 = g/bhp-hr mg/nm 3 @ 5% O 2 X.00247 = g/bhp-hr To convert PPMV values into g/bhp-hr units refer to Appendix A. Normal cubic meter conditions are 32 F (0 C) and 2.2 in. Hg. (101.325 kpa). Page 8 of 8