Assessment of RSD measurement performance against reference vehicles and PEMS emissions Potential for Euro 6 in-service vehicle emissions screening Based on EC JRC 2017 Testing Program Brussels, 28 th of September 2017 P. Bonnel, M. Carriero, M. Clairotte, B. Giesaskiel European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC) 1
Disclaimer The information and views set out in this document are a property of the Joint Research Centre (JRC). They are of preliminary nature and were not fully screened and processed according to the JRC quality and publication rules. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered. 2
Contents Background General Approach Overview of JRC RSD Test Campaign Results Preliminary Conclusions Next Steps 3
Background In-Service Conformity (ISC) of road vehicles EU authorities responsibilities being defined in the 4th regulatory package on Real Driving Emissions (RDE) EC investigating the possibility to propose screening methods for vehicle/family selection (e.g. to find worst in class) Candidate screening methods: Remote Sensing Devices (RSD) / Simplified Emissions Measurement Systems (SEMS) 4
General Approach Feasibility study of RSD for the European primary legislative purpose (Screening Euro 6 LDV emissions to identify worst cases or problematic vehicle families) Other possibilities: private vehicles issues such as tampering, evaluation of inspection and maintenance,... Roadmap Step1: Assessment of RSD instrumentation (JRC July 2017) Step2: Upon measurement performance assessment, proposal for minimum requirements and associated usage Step3: Deployment campaigns, database and evaluation strategies 5
Remote Sensing Devices (RSD) in the program HEAT OPUS 6
Overview of JRC RSD Test Campaign One week in July 2017, 2 commercially available RSD systems (OPUS, HEAT) tested simultaneously Reference vehicles: Electric vehicle with gas bottles (CO/NO/CO2) to simulate vehicle exhaust Internal combustion engines vehicles equipped with PEMS Other vehicles covering various technologies and emissions standards passing several times through Total Number of vehicles: Reference (6) / Other (40) 7
Approach to assess the measurement performance 8
Simulation of Emissions Values Electric vehicle equipped with Gas cylinders and small air compressor Different concentrations of NO and CO pollutants Gas flowing controlled by valves PEMS system to measure flows and concentrations Comparison with RSD 9
Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines Vehicles equipped with PEMS Vehicles without PEMS Various emissions standards (Euro 0 to Euro 6b) Measurement of tailpipe gaseous emissions (THC, NO+NO2=NOx, CO, CO2) Comparison with RSD 10
Reference Vehicles Characteristics Engine Euro standard Engine capacity [cm 3 ] Power [kw] Vehicle 1 Electric - - - Vehicle 2 Gasoline Euro4 1368 57 Vehicle 3 Diesel Euro6b 1968 110 Vehicle 4 Diesel Euro6b 2967 184 11
Results - NO/CO2 ratio PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT STRAIGHT GREY LINE: 1:1 12
Results - CO/CO2 ratio PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT STRAIGHT GREY LINE: 1:1 RED HORIZONTAL LINE = BACKGROUND 13
Results All vehicles - NO/CO2 ratio Fiat Uno LPG Fiat Uno gasoline Renault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel Renault Truck 460-33km/h diesel Peugeot 206SW diesel VW California diesel Renault Truck 460-23km/h diesel Citroen Jumper diesel Hyundai Galloper diesel Audi A3 - EA189 diesel Quad BP Outlander gasoline MV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline Citroen C4 Picasso diesel Ford Focus diesel Peugeot Boxer diesel Toyota RAV4 diesel Scooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline Renault Scenic diesel Scooter Yamaha gasoline Mazda 3 diesel Ford Transit diesel Porsche Cayenne diesel Lancia Ypsilon gasoline Peugeot 2008-B gasoline VW Golf diesel Peugeot 2008-A gasoline BMW Z4 gasoline Volvo V40 diesel Peugeot 3008 diesel Renault Clio gasoline VW Polo gasoline Fiat Doblo gasoline BMW Serie 1 gasoline Renault Twingo gasoline Toyota Auris Hybrid hybrid VW Polo LPG RSD 1 Euro0 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5 Euro6 EuroV Fiat Uno LPG Renault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel Renault Truck 460-33km/h diesel Fiat Uno gasoline VW California diesel Renault Truck 460-23km/h diesel Scooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline Peugeot 206SW diesel Citroen Jumper diesel Audi A3 - EA189 diesel Quad BP Outlander gasoline Hyundai Galloper diesel Citroen C4 Picasso diesel Toyota RAV4 diesel Peugeot 3008 diesel Ford Focus diesel Peugeot Boxer diesel Renault Scenic diesel MV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline Ford Transit diesel Mazda 3 diesel VW Golf diesel Porsche Cayenne diesel Volvo V40 diesel Peugeot 2008-A gasoline Scooter Yamaha gasoline Renault Clio gasoline Peugeot 2008-B gasoline Fiat Doblo gasoline BMW Z4 gasoline Renault Twingo gasoline VW Polo LPG VW Polo gasoline BMW Serie 1 gasoline Toyota Auris Hybrid hybrid Lancia Ypsilon gasoline RSD 2 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT 0.1 10.0 NO ratio [Log 10 ppm/%] 1 NO ratio [Log 10 ppm/%] 100 The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. 14 The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered.
Results Euro 6 Diesel with tampered DPF PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered. Some vehicles were tampered for the need of the project only. 15
Results Euro VI Diesel Truck with tampered SCR PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards. The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behavior does not necessarily reflect the emissions behavior of the brand and model considered. Some vehicles were tampered for the need of the project only. 16
Preliminary Conclusions (1) RSD Instrumentation measurement performance verified under real-world conditions: both OPUS/HEAT systems exhibited excellent correlation with the references for CO and NO, within wide ranges Ability of the RSD to discriminate Euro 0 to Euro 6 emissions standards within a given vehicle technology (diesel, gasoline, LPG, with and without DPF) Ability of the RSD instrumentation to check the tailpipe emissions of tampered or poorly performing vehicles (e.g. due to ageing effects), relative to the functioning ones 17
Preliminary Conclusions (2) RSD does not provide absolute values and is only complementary to detailed RDE/PEMS testing RSD appropriate to assess emissions performance of vehicles/vehicle families relative to other vehicles/families or functioning vehicles 18
Next Steps Final review of the collected data with Opus and Heat Potential for other pollutants: THC, PM will be further assessed from the data Publication of JRC report including complete results and preliminary recommendations Open question regarding RSD instrumentation sensitivity: Within the vehicles compliant with the RDE regulation, will RSD be able to discriminate good and bad Euro 6 c/d vehicles? 19