SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Prepared by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 7C Kenneth Boldt Union Oil Company of California editors B. R. Hall American Petroleum Institute List price $11.75 04-007030-12 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

9 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1977 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-29513 NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication. Printed in Ta]lahassce. Fla. January 1977

Foreword This book has been developed through the joint efforts of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Institute of Petroleum (IP). ASTM, particularly its Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, and IP are long-established sources of standard testing and evaluation methods for petroleum and petroleum products. Many of these standard methods are accepted internationally as yardsticks for the determination of product quality. The purpose of this volume is to provide an informative reference text on the significance of ASTM and IP test results that are used in commerical transactions to definitively describe petroleum raw materials and petroleum products. To ensure orderly treatment, separate chapters have been prepared for each major raw material or end product. The general approach in each chapter is as follows: (a) A definitive description of the raw material or product is presented along with its known or prospective use applications. (b) The primary quality characteristics that define the material in those use applications are outlined. (c) The particular tests and analytical procedures applicable to the quality assessment for the material are indicated. (d) Suggestions for further reading are listed. Each chapter has been written as an entity. Since many tests are applicable to several products, this results in a certain amount of repetition. Repetition was believed to be preferable to elaborate cross referencing. Although this book will be revised periodically, there will be no assurance that the test methods or specifications cited are current. Up-to-date standards can be found in the appropriate volumes of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards and IP Standards for Petroleum and Its Products.

Related ASTM Publications LP-Gas Engine Fuels, STP 525 (1973), $4.75,04-525000-12 Viscosity Index Tables for Celsius Temperatures, DS 39B (1975), $30.00, 05-039020-12

Acknowledgments This volume has been developed over a number of years through the joint efforts of the American Society for Testing and Materials and the Institute of Petroleum. In the process, chapters have been written, revised, and rewritten until it became difficult to distinguish between author, reviewers, and editors. Hopefully, the following list of acknowledgments includes all who contributed to the process. Editors Kenneth Boldt B. R. Hall Associate Editor W. D. Dysart Crude Oils J. O'Donnell C. E. Webber Gaseous Fuels and Light Hydrocarbons R. E. Cannon C. A. Munson F. W. Selim Petroleum Solvents D. M. Fenton A. J. Goodfellow J. F. Hickerson S. A. Yuhas Automotive Gasoline K. A. Boldt J. A. English R. L. Everett S. T. Griffiths H. R. Porter J. H. Macpherson Aviation Fuels W. G. Dukek R. I. GottshaU D. T. McAllan A. G. Robertson Union Oil Company of California American Petroleum Institute Union Oil Company of California BP Research Centre, U.K. Sun Oil Company Gas Processors Association Petro-Tex Chemical Corp. Phillips Petroleum Co. Union Oil Company of California Carless, Capel and Leonard Ltd., U.K. Exxon Company, U.S. Exxon Chemicals Union Oil Company of California Chevron Research Co. General Motors Corp. The Associated Octel Co., Ltd., U.K. Standard Oil Company of California Chevron Research Co. Exxon Research and Engineering Co. Gulf Research and Development Co. BP Research Centre, U.K. Shell International Petroleum Co., Ltd., U.K. Diesel Engine and Nonaviation Gas Turbine Fuels G. K. Brower International Harvester Co. W. H. Kite, Jr. Exxon Research and Engineering Co.

J. A. McLain Caterpillar Tractor Company R. E. Pegg Esso Research Centre, U.K. C. C. Ward U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines Heating and Power Generation Fuels J. R. CaUaway W. H. Kite, Jr. N. J. Schlesser G. G. Stephens Lubricating Oils J. B. Berkley J. W. Gaynor Lubricating Greases R. S. Barnes E. A. Goodchild A. T. Polishuk Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatums R. I. GottshaU C. F. McCue G. A. Weisgerber White Mineral Oils V. Biske C. F. W. Gebelein Petroleum Oils for Rubber J. S. Sweely Texaco, Inc. Exxon Research and Engineering Co. Atlantic Richfield Company BP Research Centre, U.K. Mobil Oil Company, Ltd., U.K. Amoco Oil Co. Amoco Chemicals Corp. Hoffman Manufacturing Co., Ltd., U.K. Sun Oil Company Gulf Research and Development Co. Esso Research Centre, U.K. Exxon Research and Engineering Co. Burmah Oil Trading, Ltd., U.K. Pennsylvania Refining Co. Sun Oil Company Special acknowledgment is given to the Refining Department, American Petroleum Institute for project sponsorship and to T. W. Legatski as the original project coordinator.

Editorial Staff Jane B. Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M. Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J. McGlinchey, Assistant Editor Kathleen P. Turner, Assistant Editor

Contents Chapter 1--Crude Oils Sampling Preliminary Evaluation or Assay Gravity Sulfur, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Mercaptan Sulfur Salt Content Water and Sediment Viscosity and Pour Point Metallic Contaminants Distillation Light Hydrocarbon Analysis Characterization Factor Full or Comprehensive Evaluation Crude Oil as a Power Generation Fuel Chapter 2---Gaseous Fuels and Light Hydrocarbons Natural Gas Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) Liquefied Refinery Gas (LR Gas) Olefins and Diolefins Quality Criteria Natural Gas Ethane Liquefied Petroleum Gases Natural Gasoline Olefins and Diolefins Ethylene Propylene Concentrates Butylene Concentrates Butadiene Applicable ASTM Specification Natural Gas and Ethane Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1 3 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 12 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20

Natural Gasoline Ethylene Propylene Concentrates Butylene Concentrates Chapter 3--Petroleum Solvents General Uses Product Requirements Solvency Volatility Purity Gravity Odor Toxicity Air Pollution Requirements Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatics Naphthenes (Cycloparaffins) Aromatics Commercial Hydrocarbon Solvents General Solvent Types Specific Types of Solvents Hexane and Heptane Petroleum Ether Textile Spirits Lacquer Diluent VM&P Naphtha Ink Oils Mineral Spirits Benzene Toluene Xylene Hi-Flash Solvent Naphtha Kerosine Test Methods for Solvents Sampling Specific Gravity Distillation Flash Point Evaporation Rate Kauri-Butanol Value Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline. Point Sulfur Dilution Ratio in Nitrocellulose Solutions Viscosity of Nitrocellulose Solutions 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 36

Applicable ASTM Specifications Chapter 4 Automotive Gasoline Grades of Gasoline Automotive Gasoline Performance and Information System Antiknock Quality Volatility Other Properties Workmanship and Contamination Sulfur Content and Copper Strip Corrosion Existent Gum and Stability Gravity Rust and Corrosion Hydrocarbon Composition Additives Applicable ASTM Specification Chapter 5--Aviation Fuels Historical Development of Aviation Fuels Aviation Gasoline Composition and Manufacture Specifications Content Fuel Grades Characteristics and Requirements Antiknock Properties Volatility Density Heat of Combustion Freezing Point Storage Stability Sulfur Content Water Reaction Aviation Turbine Fuels (Jet Fuels) Background Fuel Development British Jet Fuels American Military Jet Fuels American Civil Jet Fuels Russian Jet Fuels Other Foreign Jet Fuels International Standard Specifications 36 36 40 41 41 41 42 42 44 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 49 5O 51 51 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 57 57 57 60 60 61 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 64 66 66 66 69

Specification Requirements Chemical Properties and Composition Physical Properties--Contaminants Density and Heat of Combustion Volatility Low-Temperature Properties Combustion Quality Water Retention and Separating Properties Thermal Stability Miscellaneous Properties Inspection Data on Aviation Turbine Fuels Aviation Fuel Additives General Additive Types Tetraethyllead (TEL) Color Dyes Antioxidant (Gum Inhibitor) Metal Deactivator Corrosion Inhibitors Fuel System Icing Inhibitor Electrical Conductivity Improver (Antistatic Additive) Nonspecification Additives Biobor JF Antismoke Additives Ignition Control Additive Additive Tests Tetraethyllead Color Antioxidant, Metal Deactivator, Corrosion Inhibitor Fuel System Icing Inhibitor Electrical Conductivity Improver Applicable ASTM Specifications Fuel Specification Guides Appendixes I. Automotive (Motor) Gasoline--Unsuitability for Aviation Use II. Form for Inspection Data on Aviation Turbine Fuels Chapter 6---Diesel Engine and Nonaviation Gas Turbine Fuels Diesel Engine Nonaviation Gas Turbine Combustion Process Diesel Combustion Nonaviation Gas-Turbine Combustion 69 69 71 72 72 72 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 80 80 81 81 83 83 83 83 84 85 85 85 86 87 87 90

General Fuel Characteristics and Classifications Background Diesel Fuels Nonaviation Gas Turbine Fuels Fuel Properties and Tests Cetane Number Cetane Index Diesel Index Gravity Distillation Viscosity Heat of Combustion Cloud Point Pour Point Flash Point Sulfur Diesel Engines Gas Turbines Carbon Residue Ash Neutralization Number Stabilility Water and Sediment Composition Appearance and Odor Vanadium, Sodium, Calcium, Lead Applicable ASTM Specifications Chapter 7--Heating and Power Generation Fuel Kerosine Domestic Heating Oils Residual or Heavy Fuel Oils Crude Oil as a Power Generation Fuel Burning Equipment Kerosine Burners Domestic Heating Oil Burners Residual Oil Burning Equipment Fuel Oil Classification and Specifications Fuel Oil Laboratory Tests and Their Significance API and Specific Gravity or Density Flash and Fire Point Viscosity Pour Point Cloud Point 90 90 91 93 93 96 97 99 99 101 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 106 106 107 108 108 108 109 109 109 110 110 111 112 112 113 113 115 115 116 116 117 119 120 121 121 124 124 126 126

Sediment and Water Content Ash Content Carbon Residue Sulfur Content Distillation Corrosion Additional Tests Heat Content Stability Maximum Fluidity Temperature Thermal Stability of U.S. Navy Special Fuel Oil Spot Tests Domestic Heating Oil Performance Evaluation Kerosine Performance Evaluation Selection of Burner Burning Characteristics Initial Flame Height--Smoke Point Constancy of Feed to Wick Formation of Char on Wick Formation of Lamp-Glass Deposits Standard Burning Tests Burning Test for Long-Time Burning Oils Applicable ASTM Specification Chapter 8---Lubricating Oils Assessment of Quality Physical Tests Chemical Tests Physico-Chemical Tests Laboratory Bench Tests Engine and Rig Tests Significance of Tests Composition and Manufacture General Properties Viscosity Viscosity Index Cloud and Pour Points Flash and Fire Points Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and API Gravity Color Automotive Engine Oils Properties Engine Test Specifications and Procedures Examination of Used Oils 127 127 128 129 129 130 130 130 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 134 134 134 134 135 135 136 136 136 137 138 138 138 139 139 139 139 139 139 140 140 141 142 143 144 144 145 145 145 146 147

Marine Diesel Engine Oils Industrial and Railway Engine Oils Gas-Turbine Lubricants Gas Engine Oils Gear Oils Automatic Transmission Fluids Steam-Turbine Oils Hydraulic Oils Other Lubricating Oils Air Compressor Oils Refrigerator Compressor Oils Steam Cylinder Oils Machine Tool Tableway Lubricating Oils Chapter 9---Lubricating Greases Composition Properties Calcium Soap Greases Sodium Soap Greases Lithium Soap Greases Complex Soap Greases Clay Greases Evaluation of Properties and Significance Consistency Cone Penetration NLGI Grades Shear Stability Prolonged Work Penetration Roll Stability Apparent Viscosity Dropping Point Oxidation Stability Effect of Copper on Oxidation Rate Effect of Grease on Copper Oil Separation Evaporation Loss Rust Prevention Lead in Greases Water Washout Extreme Pressure Timken Test Extreme Pressure Four-Ball Test Wear Preventive Characteristics of Grease Leakage Tendencies of Wheel Bearing Greases Functional Life of Ball Bearing Greases 148 150 150 153 154 156 157 158 159 159 160 160 160 161 163 164 164 164 165 165 165 165 165 166 166 166 166 167 167 167 167 168 168 169 169 170 170 171 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 174

Low-Temperature Torque Torque Stability, Wear, and Brine Sensitivity of Ball Joint Greases Greases in Ball Bearings at Elevated Temperatures Greases in Small Bearings Grease Flow Properties at High Temperatures Deleterious Particles in Lubricating Grease Chapter lo--petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatums Occurrence and Refining of Waxes Definitions Applications for Wax Quality Criteria Criteria for Judging Physical Properties Melting Point Viscosity Hardness Strength of Wax Criteria for Judging Chemical Properties Color Odor Oil Content Solvent Extractables Boiling Point Distribution Molecular Weight Criteria for Food Grade Wax Ultraviolet Absorptivity Carbonizable Substances Peroxide Content Criteria for Judging Functional Properties Wax Content of Substrates Blocking Properties Gloss Slip Properties Abrasion Resistance Adhesion Moisture Barrier Properties Test Methods Physical Properties of Petroleum Wax Melting Point (Cooling Curve) Drop Melting Point Congealing Point Kinematic Viscosity Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes with Additives 174 175 175 175 176 176 177 177 179 179 179 180 181 181 182 182 182 182 183 183 183 183 184 184 185 185 185 186 186 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 188 188 188 189 189 189 189 189 189

Apparent Viscosity of Hot Melt Adhesives and Coating Materials Needle Penetration Cone Penetration of Petrolatums Tensile Strength Modulus of Rupture Chemical Properties of Petroleum Wax Saybolt Color ASTM/IP Color Odor Oil Content Solvent Extractables Distillation at Reduced Pressure Boiling Range Distribution by Gas Chromatography Molecular Weight by Vapor Pressure Regulatory Test for Food Grade Wax Ultraviolet Absorbance and Absorptivity Carbonizable Substances Peroxide Number Functional Properties of Petroleum Wax Weight of Surface Wax on Waxed Paper Total Wax Loading of Corrugated Paperboard Blocking Point Pressure Blocking Point 20-Degree Specular Gloss of Waxed Paper Gloss Retention Coefficient of Kinetic Friction Abrasion Resistance Sealing Strength Water Vapor Permeability (Normal Atmosphere) Water Vapor Permeability (High Humidity) Inspections of Typical Petroleum Waxes Chapter ll--white Mineral Oils Manufacture Purity Guardianship Assessment of Quality Acid Test Aniline Point Cloud Point Color and Transparency Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Distillation Range Flash and Fire Point 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 191 191 191 191 191 191 192 192 192 192 193 193 193 193 193 194 194 194 194 194 194 194 196 196 196 197 198 198 198 199 199 201 201 201 201 202 202 202

Fluorescence Neutrality Odor and Taste Peroxide Value Pour Point Refractive Index Smoke Point Gravity, Density and API Gravity Specific Gravity Density Sulfur Compounds Unsulfonated Residue Ultraviolet Absorption Tests Wax Precipitation Point Chapter 12--Petroleum Oils for Rubber Historical Background Natural Rubber Synthetic Rubber Oil Extended Rubber Composition of Rubber Oils Molecular Type Analysis Carbon Type Analysis Importance of Composition to Compounders Classification of Rubber Oils Physical Properties of Rubber Oils Specific Gravity Viscosity Color Ultraviolet Absorptivity Refractive Index Aniline Point Flash Point Evaporation Loss Pour and Cloud Point Specialty Application of Process Oils References 203 203 203 203 204 204 204 204 204 204 205 205 205 206 206 206 208 208 208 208 208 209 209 210 210 211 212 213 213 213 213 214 214 214 214 214 214 215 215 216