#DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM New UPS Batteries Keep up so you can keep on backin -up Dan Lambert
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Batteries Keep up so you can keep on backin up New back-up battery chemistries are driving a shift in the market because of desirable new capabilities. But how do you safely and reliably deploy for best outcomes? UPS users need to understand the battery standards and practices in order to make decisions on where, when and how to deploy these different battery chemistries. Standards for recommended practices are changing even for traditional battery chemistries and additional standards are being developed for the new chemistries. This presentation will give users the knowledge they need about current and new battery chemistry standards that guide best practices in the use of stationary batteries. Battery chemistries covered include lead-acid, lithium-ion and nickel-zinc. The good news is that industry and standards organizations are staying on top of the sea-change in stationary battery chemistries. Recommended best practices and the standards behind them from the IEEE, UL and NFPA will be covered. 3
UPS Technology #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
UL 1778 Uninterruptible Power Systems Lithium Energy Storage System Lithium-ion Battery Cabinet
UL 1778 Uninterruptible Power Systems 12V TPPL Lead-Acid Battery Cabinet
UL 1778 Uninterruptible Power Systems Nickel-Zinc Monobloc Nickel-zinc Battery Cabinet
Chemistry Basics #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
Lithium-ion Chemistry Basics Materials Carbon Metal oxide Lithium Salt Discharge LiC 6 + CoO 2 Charge C 6 + LiCoO 2 An alkaline battery chemistry using abundant materials High energy density, no memory effect, and low self-discharge 1/3 the weight of lead-acid 9
Lead-Acid Chemistry Basics Materials Lead & Lead dioxide Sulfuric acid Electrolyte Discharge PbO 2 + H 2 SO 4 + Pb Charge PbS0 4 + 2H 2 O + PBSO 4 + Energy Primarily two types of Advanced Pba, Thin Plate Pure Lead (TPPL) and Lead- Carbon Very low energy-to-weight ratio, low energy-to-volume ratio, large power-toweight ratio Relatively short service life 10
Nickel-Zinc Chemistry Basics Materials Cathode Ni Hydroxide Anode Zn Oxide Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide Discharge Cathode: 2NiOOH + 2H 2 O + 2e - 2Ni(OH) 2 + 2OH - Anode: Zn + 2OH - Zn(OH) 2 + 2 e - Overall: 2NiOOH + 2H 2 O + Zn 2Ni(OH) 2 + Zn(OH) 2 Charge Overall: 2Ni(OH) 2 + Zn(OH) 2 2NiOOH + 2H 2 O + Zn 0.49 V -1.24 V 1.73 V An alkaline battery chemistry using abundant materials Eliminating the Metal hydride electrode and replacing with zinc gains 400mV Zinc electrode design and management is key to long cycle life 11
Power vs. Energy POWER ENERGY Nickel-Zinc Lead-Acid AGM Lithium Titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) LTO (2) Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) Power Cell (1) Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) Energy Cell Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn 2 O 4 ) Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO 2 or NMC) Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO 2 ) Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO 2 ) Voltage (volts) 1.65 2.0 2.40 3.20 3.20 3.70 3.60 3.60 3.60 Specific Energy Density (Wh/Kg) 80-100 30-50 65-75 90 120 120-160 100 130 150 220 150 200 200-275 Specific Power (25C,2.4 mins) (Watts/Kg) 2,000-2,500 500-700 700-800 2,000-2,500 120-160 100-130 150-220 150-200 200-300 Charge Rate (C) 10.0 C/8 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.7 Discharge Rate (C) 25.0 1.0 10.0 5.0-6.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0-6.0 1.0 1.0 Self Discharge Rate (%/mo.) 1-2% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% Cycle Life (#) 600-1,200 200-400 5,000 15,000 1000 2000 1000 2000 300 700 1,000 2,000 500 1,000 500 Safety Risk/Impact Thermal Runaway ( C) Low (H2) None Low-Med None Low 275 High 250 Moderate 250 Moderate 250 Moderate 150 Moderate 150 Moderate 150 AC Impedance (mω) 1.8-2.2 3-4 1-2 25 50 50 75 200 200 Charge Time (Hours) 1-2 8-16 1-2 1-3 >2 >2 >2 >2 >2 Applications UPS, hybrid powertrain, starter battery Auto SLI, UPS, Stationary Industrial, Military UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-miev, Honda Fit EV) Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial Mobile phones, etablets, laptops, cameras Industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla) Cost @ High Vol. Pack Levl ($/KwH) $350-400 $250-300 $650-750 $450-550 $175-250 $350-400 $200-250 $300-350 $250-350 Sources: (1) Battery University; http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion; (2) EPEC, http://www.epectec.com/batteries/cell-comparison.html (3) ZincFive, Inc., www.zincfive.com for NiZn data 12
Charge and Discharge Performance #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
Lithium-ion Charge
Lithium-ion Discharge
Lead-Acid Charge
Lead-Acid Discharge Coup de Fouet
Nickel-Zinc Charge C/4 Charge @25C 80AH 13.2V Monobloc 18
Nickel-Zinc Discharge 5 minute 250kW Discharge @25C 80AH, 13.2V Monobloc 19
Battery Safety #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
Lithium-ion Battery Safety Lithium solutions offering higher power capability, but have higher volatility potential. Lithium battery systems must incorporate full cell-by-cell management to prevent undercharge, overcharge, and to prevent thermal runaway. The management system may disable the entire string due to a fault in one cell. Lithium products offer improved temperature tolerance than typical lead-acid, but life and performance are affected by elevated temperatures.
Lithium-ion Battery Safety Manufacturers of lithium solutions recommend various fire suppression methods, including water (conventional sprinkler system) and FM200 gas. In the event there is a thermal runaway event, there is risk of exposure to toxic gases and flame, besides the electrical hazards involved. Recent offers have improved safety, however, there are many Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) that severely restrict all lithium installations. Lithium batteries used in stationary applications must be shipped by surface carrier due to UN transportation directives.
Lead-Acid Battery Safety Lead-acid batteries utilize an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water. The liquid and gases can creep through seals and cause corrosion of the terminal posts and connectors. Battery monitoring is strongly recommended due to the fact that one cell failing can disable the entire string. Cells tend to fail in an open, non-conductive state. Lead-acid batteries provide their best life vs. capacity at 25 C (77 F). Newer technologies promise improved life at higher temperatures.
Lead-Acid Battery Safety In the event there is a thermal runaway event, there is risk of exposure to toxic gases and flame, besides the electrical hazards involved. Many AHJs require spill containment despite the fact that the battery is listed as non-spillable due to concerns about sulfuric acid. Lead, a highly toxic metal is the primary ingredient in both positive and negative electrodes.
Nickel-Zinc Battery Safety Nickel-Zinc (Ni-Zn) batteries utilize an electrolyte solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and water (similar to the Drano product). Most commercially available Ni-Zn batteries are non-spillable prismatic cells in a conventional monobloc container. Simple battery monitoring is recommended, but is not essential for safety. Cells fail as a low impedance conductor, allowing the string to continue operating.
Nickel-Zinc Battery Safety Ni-Zn batteries have a broad temperature tolerance without significant loss of capacity. There is very little potential for a thermal runaway however, there is risk of exposure to the electrical hazards involved with operating any equivalent battery. The primary metals used in typical Ni-Zn batteries are nickel, zinc, and copper. All of these are commonly used in metallurgy.
Standards #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
IEEE Standards IEEE 1184 Guide for Batteries for Uninterruptible Power Supply Systems IEEE 1187 Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications IEEE 1188 Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead- Acid (VRLA) Batteries for Stationary Applications IEEE 1679 Recommended Practice for the Characterization and Evaluation of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies in Stationary Applications New document underway for Nickel-Zinc in the IEEE 1679 document family. Sizing documents for lithium are too chemistry dependent to write a comprehensive document at this time. Sizing for nickel-zinc is similar to nickel-cadmium, so IEEE documents related to Ni-Cd are applicable to Ni-Zn in the near term.
UL Standards All battery systems in cabinets used with a UPS must meet UL 1778 UL 1973 Standard for Batteries for Use in Stationary, Vehicle Auxiliary Power and Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications UL 1989 Standard for Standby Batteries UL 9540 Standard for Energy Storage Systems and Equipment UL 9540A Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems TPPL and Ni-Zn are listed under UL 1989, comparing them favorably to existing VRLA batteries that are ubiquitous in the marketplace. Ni-Zn and some TPPL have already been tested to UL 1973, Section 19, for imbalance performance, and have passed. UL 9540 is a test sequence that is coming into more prominence, and the flammability testing is somewhat onerous, at least in concept.
NFPA and International Standards NFPA 1 Fire Code NFPA 101 Life Safety Code NFPA 111 Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems NFPA 855 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems International Fire Code (IFC) International Building Code (IBC) These codes are already generally incorporated into the existing building and electrical codes in the US. NFPA 855 Second Draft Report has just been released. NFPA 855 is not approved yet, but has the potential to be a major disruption to advanced energy storage implementation if it is approved in the current form. If you, or anyone you know, is an NFPA member, they need to review 855 and make their opinions heard.
Recycling #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
UPS Battery Chemistry Recycling Li-Ion Lead-Acid NiZn 50% 90% >90% 50% of materials are recoverable Expensive recovery effort Hazardous materials with air freight restrictions Highly recyclable World's worst pollution problem** 120M people worldwide lead poisoned* Highly recyclable Lead-free. All Zinc, Copper, Nickel recaptured and saleable on commodity market No air freight restrictions *Fewtrell L, Kaufmann R, Prüss-Üstün A. Lead: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local level. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003 (WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No. 2).; http:// www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/en/leadebd2.pdf **Pure Earth/Green Cross 11th annual 2016 report, World s Worst Pollution Problems http://www.worstpolluted.org/; 32
Tradeoffs when making UPS battery deployment decisions #DATACENTERWORLD #CPEXPO CHANNELPARTNERSCONFERENCE.COM DATACENTERWORLD.COM
Lithium-ion UPS Tradeoffs Positives Long life Good TCO Less floor space required Lighter than lead options Negatives Shipping restrictions Lack of acceptance by AHJs. Limited acceptance by data center operators.
Lead-Acid UPS Tradeoffs Positives Long history with lead technologies Least expensive first cost option Safety aspects are well understood Availability Negatives Lowest power density option Relatively short service life Can fail unexpectedly Risk of thermal runaway unless monitored closely Lowest ROI of available options
Nickel-Zinc UPS Tradeoffs Positives Long life Good power density Broad temperature range No thermal runaway risk Negatives Not well known in the market UPS manufacturers are just starting acceptance testing Relatively few commercially available products
3 Key Things You Have Learned During this Session 1) Understand how to apply and utilize lead-acid, lithium-ion and nickelzinc batteries in UPS deployments according to recommendations and best practices from the IEEE, UL and NFPA. 2) Develop a working knowledge of battery chemistry options for data center UPS solutions. 3) Understand the tradeoffs when making UPS battery deployment decisions. 37
Thank you Dan Lambert, ZincFive Product Manager Data Center Solutions dlambert@zincfive.com www.zincfive.com/contact/ Twitter: @datacenterworld 38