Road to sustainable mobility - PDF Free Download

Road to sustainable mobility 16.10.2009 P. Froeschle / Daimler AG 1

Daimler s Technology Portfolio for Sustainable Mobility Optimization of our vehicles with high-tech combustion engines Hybridization for further increase in efficiency Emission-free driving with fuel-cell/ electric vehicles BlueEFFICIENCY CGI BlueTEC DIESOTTO HYBRID Range Extender Plug-In Fuel-Cell Battery-/E-Drive Energy sources for the mobility of the future Clean fuels for combustion engines Emission free driving 2

The Potential of Hybridization Mobility Scenario Hybrid Vehicles: Mainly in Interurban & Urban Traffic S 400 BlueHYBRID Key benefits ML 450 BlueHYBRID Comfortable Start-stop Technology Better Performance Recuperation of Braking Energy Fuel Economy NEDC 10,1 l (242g) -17% Hybrid Potential 7,9 l (190g) Better Energy Management Improved Fuel Efficiency Fuel Economy NEDC 11,5 l (275g) -33% Hybrid Potential 7,7 l (185g) Basis S 350 S 400 BlueHYBRID with Lithium-Ion Battery Basis ML 350 ML 450 BlueHYBRID with Two Mode 3

Daimler Hybrid buses for New York The largest order for hybrid buses in history 3000 Daimler Hybrid buses in North America Advantages for people and environment: Urban driving: Compared to standard diesel propulsion, the hybrid units will provide significantly better fuel economy (25-30 % less), greatly reduced emissions 90% less particulate matter 40% less NOx 30% fewer greenhouse gases offers faster acceleration enables quieter, smoother ride without the frequent transmission shifts encountered in conventional buses. 4

Total Energy Balance Well-to-Wheel Classification Fuel Cell: long range (>400km), short refueling time (3 min), cars/vans/trucks Battery: ideal in small cars for city traffic (100-150km), overnight recharging 200 Internal Combustion Engines GHG* Emissions [g CO 2 eq/km] 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable electricity) Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% H2 from fossil sources) Technology change Hybrid (Diesel) Diesel Hybrid (Gasoline) Gasoline Battery electric vehicle (Fueled by 100% electricity from EU-Mix) Fuel Cell (Fueled by 100% renewable H2) Costs for Transformation of Technology 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 240 Energy Consumption Well to Wheel [MJ/100km] ource: EUCAR/CONCAWE "Well-to-Wheels Report 2004"; ptiresource, 2006 Reference vehicle class: VW Golf 60 70 80 90 110 120 130 140 160 170 180 190 210 220 230 *GHG: Green House Gas 6

Market Preparation Worldwide Fleet Operation Worldwide fleet operation in demo projects with MB vehicles since 2004 Large fleet demonstration project for generating public interest, raise awareness and motivate H2-infrastructure build-up California Fuel Cell Partnership MBUSA European Bus Project HyFLEET:CUTE MB NL Berlin National Innovation Program H2 and Fuel Cell Germany Bus Project Beijing China European Zero Regio Project Clean Energy Partnership Germany JHFC Program Japan MBJ DoE Program USA 60 F-Cell Vehicles in customer operation 36 Buses (Citaro) in Europe, Australia, China 3 Sprinter Europe, USA DSEA Sinergy EDB Project Singapore Bus Project STEP Perth, Australia ~ 2.100.000 km ~ 62.000 h ~ 2.100.000 km ~ 137.000 h ~ 64.000 km ~ 2.400 h 7

Daimler s Fuel Cell Technology Roadmap Bus Passenger Cars Lead Application Sprinter Generation 1 Technology Demonstration 2004 Generation 1 Technology Demonstration F-Cell Generation 1 Technology Demonstration Generation 2 Customer Acceptance 2010 Generation 2 Customer Acceptance B-Class F-Cell Generation 2 Customer Acceptance Future Generations 2013 Generation 3 Cost Reduction I Future Generations ~2015 Generation 4 Market Introduction Cost Reduction II ~2020 Generation 5 Mass Production Daimler is dedicated to commercializing fuel cell vehicles 8

Transition to the next Generation of FCV: B Class F-Cell A Class F-Cell B Class F-Cell 2004 2009 Controlled fleet demonstration from 2010 Large fleet demonstration Size (FC-System) - 40% Power +30% Consumption -16% Range +150% B Class F-Cell: Higher stack lifetime (more than 2000h) Increased power (65kW 100kW) Higher reliability Longer range (160km 400km) [l] [kw] [l/100km] [km] Freeze start ability below 0 C Li-Ion battery 9

The next Generation of Fuel Cell Vehicles Driving the Future becomes Reality in 2010 Technical Data Vehicle Type Fuel Cell System Engine Fuel Range Top Speed Battery Mercedes-Benz B-Klasse PEM, 80 kw (108 PS) Output (Continuous/ Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136 PS) Max. Drehmoment: 320 Nm Komprimierter Wasserstoff (700 bar) 385 km 170 km/h Li-Ion, Output (Continuous/ Peak): 24 kw / 30 kw (40 PS); Kapazität 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kwh Strengths Short refueling time and high range Drive train concept also applicable for large passenger cars and commercial vehicles No green house gas emissions Efficient utilization of energy Independence from crude oil Dynamics and comfort due to electric drive Low noise emissions Challenges High component costs Renewable hydrogen H2-infrastructure The main focus of the B Class F-Cell: Customer acceptance 10

Build-up of an H2-infrastructure in Germany Demo infrastructure is not sufficient for envisaged commercialization roadmap For full customer acceptance an area wide and convenient H 2 filling station network is necessary A detailed business analysis has been worked out concerning the hydrogen infrastructure build-up in Germany Build-up H 2 -Infrastructure Feasibility study: H2-Infrastructure Investment [ ] Results Area-wide build-up of a public H 2 - infrastructure until 2017 (1.000 filling stations in Germany) For the build-up of 1.000 filling stations until 2017 an investment of 1,5 2 billion is necessary Startinvest for a minimalinfrastructure Number of vehicles H 2 -infrastructure requires start-up investments Activities Determine variables for turning the business case more positive, e.g. untaxed subsidies for hydrogen and/or filling station operation Conduct an analysis to verify the requirements to build-up 1.000 filling stations until 2017 Transfer business case to other markets 11

Five H2 Production Pathways with the Potential of Producing a Significant Amount of Hydrogen Natural Gas Reforming Production capacity in petrochemistry is usable on short term Moderate CO 2 reduction Biomass Gasification Renew. Electr. Electrolysis Nuclear Electr. Electrolysis CO 2 neutrality Sustainable, reduction of dependencies Competition among different applications (synthetic fuels, stationary use) Many big offshore wind parks already planned Hydrogen is a means of storage for excess electricity Good energy and CO 2 balances at the same time Good CO 2 balance Trend towards an extension of nuclear energy capacity Very unfavourable energy chain and limited resources Coal Gasification Largest fossil energy resources Only usable if CO 2 capture and storage is technically and economically feasible Hydrogen as a By-product In certain chemical processes (chlorine alkali electrolysis) hydrogen is produced as a by-product Short term production capacity in chemical industry Little energy input and costs, moderate CO2 reduction, limited capacity Hydrogen as a by-product of the chemical industry as well as hydrogen from natural gas can cover a significant part of the H2 demand during the phase of introduction of FC vehicles gradually switch to regenerative H2 12

Improvements: Citaro FuelCell-Hybrid Bus in Comparison with Previous Generation Fuel Cell Bus Fuel Cell Bus (CUTE) Technical Data Power 205 kw for < 15-20 sec Range 180-220 km HV-Battery -- H2 Consumption 20 24 kg / 100 km Max. efficiency 48 % Passenger capacity 23 + 49 = 72 Next Next Generation Generation Fuel Fuel Cell Cell Hybrid Hybrid Bus Bus Power Power Train Train Energy Energy retrieving retrieving through through hybridization hybridization (recuperation) (recuperation) Higher Higher efficiency efficiency Passenger Passenger comfort comfort through through noise noise reduction reduction and and steady steady acceleration acceleration Optimum Optimum availability availability improved improved Higher Higher lifetime lifetime Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid Technical Data Power 220 kw for < 15-20 sec Range > 250 km (planned) HV-Battery H2 Consumption Max. efficiency 58 % Li-Ion, 180 kw permanent 10 14 kg / 100 km Passenger capacity 25 + 50 = 76 13

Battery Electric Vehicles 14

Daimler history on Battery Electric Vehicle 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 1988 BR 308E 1998 -? BR 451 ev 1972 LE 306 1979 BR 307E 1995-1998 MB 410E 1991 1995 W123 + MB100 1994-1998 W168 A-class 1993 Vision A93 1982 W123 1993ff Transporter 308E + V108E 1993 W202 15

The development of the smart ed to a Series Vehicle 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 smart ev phase 1 smart ev phase 2 smart ev phase 3 Phase 1 Quantity: 100 Period: 2007-2009 Utilization: Operation as fleet-vehicles for selected companies Operational area: Greater London Phase 2 Metropolis concept Quantity: ca. 1000 Period: 2009-2014 Utilization: Vehicles for selected customers Operational area: Metropolitan area in Europe and the USA Phase 3 Series production Quantity: xx.000 annually; xx.000 total Period: 2012-2015 Utilization: Commercially distribution of the series vehicles Operational area: Europe and Northern America 16

Battery Usable Energy of Cells in Dependence on Power Spec. Power / W/kg 1000 800 600 400 200 0 NiMH energy optimized EV-batteries JCS (VL41E) -cylindrical cell- Li-Ion Li-Tec ENAX Pouch celltechnology 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg. No materials with good prospects in sight. (Prof. Sauer, Prof. Winter, Dr. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens in accordance with GR/VFB) Spec. Energy / Wh/kg ΔV today > 2012 > 2017 (Prof. Sauer, University Aachen in accordance with GR/VFB) 160 180 Range Smart / km [NEFZ] Results of discussions with external experts and internal investigations: Worldwide research programs with target of > 200 Wh/kg. Actual no materials with good prospects in sight. 17

Build up of a Charging Infrastructure for BEVs Investment [bn ] 460.000 Charging stations Assumption: 460.000 Charging stations 1,35 and 160.000 public 300.000 private 600.000 Number of vehicles At public stations simultaneous charging of two battery electric vehicles possible. Short-term battery electric vehicles will mainly be charged at home and/or at work. For customers without own parking site (ca. 40%) there must be created medium-term charging stations in public parking space. Private parking places and parking sites at work can be equipped cost-efficiently with charging stations Public charging infrastructure only realizable with public measurements Specific costs for charging infrastructure per vehicles rise with the increasing degree of coverage (private & public) The investment for charging infrastructure is proportional to the vehicle sales 18

Electricity-mix in Germany until 2020 Projection into the future of the German electricity-mix until 2020: In 10 years decrement of nuclear power from 21% to 5% (energy intense but less emissions) The share of coal is rising (but higher efficiency) The share of natural gas based electricity is rising (GuD). Increase of renewable energies (especially wind, water remains constant) 35% Share of energy generation in Germany 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% - 16% -2% + 4% + 8% + 1% + 4% + 1% 2010 2020 0% nuclear power coal brown coal natural gas water wind other Reduction of nuclear power can not be fully filled with renewable energy's Quelle: BMWi / Energiewirtschaftliche Referenzprognose Energiereport IV EWI/Prognos 19

E-Drive-Portfolio - Potential and Limits Each E-Drive Technology has specific advantages and should be utilized where the strengthes have been established. Long Distance Interurban Urban Combustion Engine Vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicle Plug-In/Range Extender Battery Electriv Vehicle Compact Mediuim-Sized Luxury Familiy Van City-Bus Commuter Bus Light Duty Truck Medium Duty Truck Heavy Duty Truck FCV SOFCC* SOFCC* BEV Applicability of different E-Drive Technologies in different vehicle category possible w/o restriction Not possible Possible w restrictions Not possible from todays state of art Statement based on todays conclusions Vehicle requirements Vehicle architecture Range Packaging * Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (not yet ZEV) 20

Thanks for your attention! 22