Congestion Pricing for New York City Past (2007-08) Failure, Future (2014-15) Success? Presentation for International Forum on Economic Policies for Traffic Congestion and Tailpipe Emissions 12-13 December 2013 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York City
New York City Map Populations Manhattan: 1.6 million New York City: 8.3 million NYC Metro Region: 20 million Bronx Manhattan Queens Brooklyn Staten Island W.T.C. Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 2
Hours of delay caused by each additional trip Car trips to CBD impose enormous delays on other road users 5 4 Outbound Inbound 1.98 1.98 3 1.98 2 1.98 1.98 1 0 1.98 0.01 1.98 0.47 2.56 2.02 1.51 2.97 1.38 Time period in which vehicle enters CBD Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 3
Bridges & Tunnels to the CBD Bridges (FREE) 1. Brooklyn Bridge 2. Manhattan Bridge 3 $11.00* 3. Williamsburg Bridge 4 4. Queensboro Bridge 4 $10.66* Tunnels 1. Brooklyn Battery Tunnel 2 $11.00* 1 2 1 $10.66* 3 2. Holland Tunnel 3. Lincoln Tunnel 4. Queens Midtown Tunnel * Fee is based on round-trip. Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 4
MTA Bridges (far from CBD) 7 $4.88* 1. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge $10.66* $10.66* 5 4 $10.66* 6 2. Marine Parkway-Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge 3. Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge 4. Robert F. Kennedy- Triborough Bridge 5. Bronx-Whitestone Bridge $10.66* 1 $4.00* $4.00* 2 3 6. Throgs Neck Bridge 7. Henry Hudson Bridge * Fee is based on round-trip. Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 5
What are NYC s traffic and transportation problems? 1. Traffic Gridlock (CBD 8 am - 6 pm average: 9 mph) 2. Underfinanced Transit System (aging buses & subways) 3. Toll Imbalance (inefficient & unfair) 4. Tailpipe Pollution (problem largely solved) Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 6
What was Mayor Bloomberg s 2007-2008 Congestion Pricing Proposal? Private autos entering Manhattan CBD pay $8.00 (round-trip). Rebates for tolls on upstream bridges and tunnels. Large trucks pay extra. All tolls are charged only 12 x 5 (6am-6pm, Mon-Fri). Taxicabs pay surcharge averaging $0.25 instead of entry fee. MTA bridge tolls remain. Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 7
A Comparison Bloomberg 2007-08: Summary Vision Environmental Proponent Billionaire Mayor Features $8.00 round-trip, 12 x 5 Small taxi surcharge MTA bridges unchanged Results CBD Speed gain: 11% Net revenue: $520M/year Manhattan pays: 13% of total MV share to CBD: 17% (now 19%) Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 8
What is the Move New York Toll-Rebalancing Proposal? Private autos entering Manhattan CBD pay $10.66 (round-trip) same as MTA tunnels. No rebates. Large trucks pay extra, but only once per day. Taxicabs pay congestion-based surcharge averaging $1.25 per trip instead of entry fee. All tolls are charged 24 x 7 (every hour of year). Reduce round-trip toll on all major MTA bridges by $5.00 (for minor MTA bridges: $2.00 off). Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 9
A Comparison Bloomberg 2007-08: Summary Vision Environmental Main Proponent Billionaire Mayor Features $8.00 round-trip, 12 x 5 Small taxi surcharge MTA bridges unchanged Results CBD Speed gain (weekdays): 11% Net revenue: $520M/year Manhattan pays: 13% of total MV share to CBD: 17% (now 19%) Move NY 2014-15: Summary Vision Transport/Economy Main Proponents Business + Labor + Community Features $10.66 round-trip, 24 x 7 Large taxi surcharge MTA bridges $5.00 less Results CBD Speed gain (weekdays): 20% Net revenue: $1,500M/year Manhattan pays: 25% of total MV share to CBD: 16% (now 19%) Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 10
Tolling needs taxi surcharge and non-cbd bridge discounts to balance burden 70% of cab use is by Manhattan residents. Few Manhattan residents use non-cbd bridges. Who Pays: Bloomberg Who Pays: Move NY Non-NYC: 37% Non-NYC: 38% 11% 6% 13% 25% 20% 18% 13% 13% 6% 1% Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 11
$ Million per Year Revenue Sources: Move NY Plan $1,750 $1,500 $1,250 $1,000 $750 $500 Toll on non-cbd inbound trips via QBB Upper Roadway Cordon Toll Toll & Fare Admin. Outer-Borough Toll Relief Cordon Toll Revenue Appropriated by NYC Greater Use of Outer-Borough Bridges More Transit Riders More Taxi Trips Paying "Ravitch" Surcharge New Medallion-Taxi Surcharge Zero Out Manhattanites' Parking Rebate Net (Sum of All Prior Items) $250 $0 -$250 N ew or Changed Road Tolls MTA W indfalls Medallion Taxi Surcharges Misc. Total Net Revenue -$500 -$750 Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 12
$ Million per Year Benefits and Costs: Move NY Plan $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 Toll & Fare Admin. Revenue Allocated to Gov't Transit Fares Driver Tolls & Fees More Walking Faster Subway Travel Quicker Taxi Hails Faster CBD Trips Air Quality Climate Travelers' Amenity Manhattanites Parking Tax Taxi Fares Cabbies' Health Plan More Biking Faster Bus Travel Faster Non-CBD Trips Noise Petroleum Crashes $500 $0 Toll & Fare Admin. Travelers' Amenity W ellness Environment Saved Time (Transit) Saved Time (Drivers) User Fees Gov't. Revenue -$500 -$1,000 -$1,500 Net Benefit: $2.4 billion/yr Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 13
Move NY Campaign: Strategy + Schedule Emphasize: Revenue (40%) Efficiency (30%) Toll Equity (20%) Environment (10%) Quietly build public and political support. Late 2014-Early 2015 window : After New York State elections (Nov. 2014) Plug hole in MTA Capital Plan (starts 2015) Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 14
Balanced Transportation Analyzer Spreadsheet Model (BTA) 5 MB XLS (Excel 2007 or later). 62 tabs (interlinked). Runs modified scenarios in seconds. Open source: http://www.nnyn.org/kheelplan/bta_1.1.xls Or google BTA 1.1 for link. Charles Komanoff Nurture Nature Foundation New York 15