Volume 119 No. 7 2018, 1235-1242 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.eu POLLUTION CONTROL IN GASOLINE ENGINE USING METAL CATALYTIC CONVERTER NATARAJAN JUST RAJ a, R. CHRISTU PAUL b, S. JENORIS MUTHIYA b, DINESH KUMAR c 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharath University, Chennai, India. 2 Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan institute of technology and science, Chennai, India. 3 Department of Automobile Engineering, BSA Crescent University, Chennai, India. Corresponding Author email: sjenorism@hindustanuniv.ac.in Abstract The stringent emission limitation has made it necessary to use an aftertreatment device to control engine pollutants. The catalytic converters are used in many vehicles but the main drawback in using a catalytic converter is it increases the back press of the IC engine and also it tends to reduce the engine performance. The catalytic converts with honey comb have lots of disadvantages. In this work, a new type of catalytic converter is designed with reduced back pressure and efficient in reducing the pollutant. The catalytic converter is fabricated and tested with Single cylinder petrol engine. It is observed that from the experiment emission reduction has been achieved effectively. HC, CO emissions are reduced up to 70%. Key words: Catalytic converter ;emissions; IC engine; emission reduction I. INTRODUCTION The negative impact on pollution affects the air quality, human health, and environment that lead stringent norms of pollutant emission. Lots of technologies to improve the engine design, pre-combustion and post-combustion technologies are coming into the act to control the emission. Alternative fuels with engine modification and duel fuel engines are the other process to tune the combustion process to reduce the emission[1].the IC engine exhaust gas contains emissions like HC, CO, NOX,CO2,are emitted out as pollution. After treatment is the vital concept to reduce the emissions externally from the IC engine. The petrol engines are used widely in all motorcycles and light duty vehicles. The vehicle populations are also increasing day by day which tends to increase the pollution level in the atmosphere. 1235
The Catalytic converter is the device which was invented by Eugene Houdry, a mechanical engineer in the United States at 1950, Houdry became concerned about the increases in atmospheric pollution makes him start a special company, Oxy- Catalyst to design and develop catalytic converters for gasoline engines.it was attained a patent Houdry became concerned about the role of automobile exhaust in air pollution and founded a special company, Oxy-Catalyst, to develop catalytic converters for gasoline engines - an idea ahead of its time for which he attained a patent(us2742437) [2]. The catalytic converter is a device use to converted harmful engine pollutants into harmless, depends on the construction and design the catalytic converters are divided into two categories. TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER 1) The oxidization and Reduction catalytic converter: An oxidation catalytic converter is placed on the exhaust pipe of the gasoline engine to reduce harmful pollutants. These types of the catalytic converter are second stage converters which reduce HC and CO by oxidizing the molecules over platinum and palladium catalyst [3,4,5]. Reduction catalyst: The reduction catalytic converters are fixed as a separate compartment in the converter channel. The reduction catalyst is fitted next to the oxidation system. The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter. The oxidation catalyst is platinum and rhodium is the reduction catalyst to reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions. When such molecules come in contact with the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and holds on to it, freeing the oxygen in the form of O 2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are also stuck to the catalyst forming N 2. 2NO= N 2 + O 2 (1) 2) The three-way catalytic converter (TWC): Three-way catalytic converter has the advantage of performing the oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) simultaneously. In this, Noble metals are usually used as the active phase. Pd catalysts are especially attractive since Pd is by far the cheapest noble metal in the market and has better selectivity and activity for hydrocarbons. Rhodium is the most widely used reduction catalyst to control, NOx emission but it is very expensive. The major reactions are the oxidation of CO and HC and the reduction of NOx. Intermediate products such as N 2 O and NO 2 are also found. Reactions in Catalytic Converter:- Oxidation : 2CO + O 2 2CO 2 HC + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Reduction/3-way: 2CO + 2NO 2CO 2 + N 2 + HC + NO CO 2 + H 2 O + N 2 2H 2 + 2NO 2H 2 O + N 2 1236
Fig.1 Layout of catalytic converter In India, the government has made catalytic converters mandatory for registration of new cars.[6,7] This work aims to provide a suitable catalyst which can works effective to control gasoline emission. In this work, metal oxides are tested as a catalyst to control emissions from gasoline engines.fig.1 shows the catalytic converter in Automobiles and Fig.2 shows a Schematic diagram of TWCC. The catalytic converters are fixed closer to the exhaust manifold to increase the light-off temperature of the catalyst[8,9,]. The activation temperature for the catalytic converter usually lies in the range of 150 C. Fig.2 Catalytic converter II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING The experiment is carried out in a Multi-cylinder cylinder Gasoline engine. The engine is coupled with eddy current dynamometer. The dynamometer is calibrated to avoid loading errors. The engine is allowed to warm up for 10 minutes to reach a steady state. The catalytic converter is fixed to the tailpipe of the IC engine. The exhaust analyzer is used to measure the emissions for every set of the load. The engine load is varied in the dynamometer. The fuel supply to the carburetor will be varied by throttling the engine. 1237
Fig 3. Engine Setup The emission analyzer is connected to the two ends of the catalytic converter. The difference in emission concentration will be measured. The rate of emission reduction will be calculated with the difference between the measured value.figure.4 shows the fabricated models to the catalytic converter. Fig.4 Catalytic Converter III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The Catalytic converter is tested in a gasoline engine for its efficiency. In this work, the design of the catalytic converter is simplified and the fabricated device is retrofitted in the tail pipe of the gasoline engine.fig.5 shows the HC emission with respect to the load condition. The graph shows that the HC emission increases in the petrol engine. Which is due to the incomplete combustion of air-fuel mixture. By placing the modified catalytic converter emission are reduced. 1238
Fig.5 Hydrocarbon emission with load Fig.6 shows the CO emission with respect to the load condition. The graph shows that the CO emission increases in the petrol engine. This is due to the absences of sufficient oxygen during combustion By placing the modified catalytic converter emission are reduced. Fig.6 Carbon dioxide emission with load Fig.7 shows the CO 2 emission with respect to load condition. The graph shows that the CO 2 emission increases by placing the catalytic converter. This is due to the oxidation of HC and CO in the oxidation catalyst. 1239
Fig.7 Carbon dioxide emission with load Fig.8 shows the NOx emission with respect to the load condition. The NOx emissions are greater in diesel engines compared with petrol. The graph shows that the NOx emission in the gasoline engine.it is observed that the NOx emission gets reduced due to the presence of the rhodium catalyst. Fig.8 Nitrogen dioxide Emission with load CONCLUSION In this work the catalytic converter is modified for the effective flow of exhaust it is observed from the testing that the catalytic converters can reduce the gasoline emission drastically. The emission measurement is carried out in a multicylinder petrol engine. The test bench is made sure all the equipment are working well. The NOx emission is reduced up to 65 % effectively. The HC and CO emissions are reduced up to 55 and 54%.The catalytic converters are the only hope for the effective emission reduction for gasoline engines. The upcoming emission norms can be satisfied by using this types of catalytic converters. 1240
REFERENCES [1] BharatS Patel, Mr KuldeepDPatel, A Review paper on Catalytic Converter for Automotive Exhaust Emission, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11 (2012). [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/catalytic_converter [3] Abhinesh, Arun Kumar, and Dinesh Kumar. Minimization of Engine emission by using Non Noble metal based catalytic converter Vol. 4, Issue, 11, pp.2663-2468, November, (2014). [4] M. N. Rao, and H. V. N. Rao, Air pollution, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company limited New Delhi, Chapter 2, pp. 4-12. [5] Vinish Kathuria, ʺVehicular Pollution Controlʺ, Madras School of Economics, pp. 1-6, 2003. [6] G. C. Kisku, ʺNature and type of pollution from automobiles and strategies for its controlʺ, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Environmental Monitoring Division, Lucknow, pp. 1-16. [7]http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2004/1527/articles-59196_Kisku.doc [8] J. Kaspar, P. Fornasiero, and N. Hickey, ʺAutomotive catalytic converters: current status and some perspectivesʺ, Catalysis Today, vol. 7, pp. 419-449, 2003. [9] J. Wei, ʺCatalysis for motor vehicle emissionsʺ, Advances in Catalysis, vol. 24, pp. 57-129, 1975. [10] H. Shinjoh, ʺ Rare earth metals for automotive exhaust catalystsʺ, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 408-412, pp. 1061-1064, 2006. [11] C. Bartholomew, and R. Farrauto, Fundamentals of industrial catalytic processes, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2006, Chapter 10, pp. 706, 733-735. [12] R. Heck, and R. Farrauto, ʺAutomobile exhaust catalystsʺ, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 221, pp.443-457, 2001. [13] B. P. Pundir, Engine emissions pollutant Formation and Advances in Control Technology, Narosa Publishing house, New Delhi, Chapter 1, pp. 1-10. 1241
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