PQ Implications of the Smart Grid

PQ Implications of the Smart Grid PQSynergy 2011 Chiang Mai, Thailand September 20, 2011 Bill Howe, P.E., C.E.M. Program Manager, Power Quality (P1) Manager, EPRI Industrial Center of Excellence

A Smart Grid can Enhance Energy Efficiency Energy-Use Feedback Continuous Commissioning Precise Measurement & Verification Distribution Efficiency Make Demand Response more Automated Ubiquitous Cost-effective Reliable as a Resource

Multiple Local Area Network Architectures for Demand Response Advanced Meters Energy Mgmt Security Display Device Feedback Effect Gateways Custom Box Smart Circuit Breaker Panel PC/Router DR-Ready Appliances Functional Specs Communications

Heard in the Hallways (EPRI, conferences, and Elsewhere) You must be worried about Smart Grid it s going to eliminate the need for PQ, right? The data from Smart Grid will eliminate PQ problems Power Quality is only about dealing with Customer Complaints

Anticipated Positive Impacts of the Smart Grid To name but a few Improved Reliability through Advance Distribution Automation Increased deployment of distributed generation and other assets Support for integrating residential PV Support for PHEV Increased monitoring and data resources

Why PQ is still (and even more) important in the Age of the Smart Grid Rapid change ALWAYS brings unanticipated benefits and disadvantages After 50 years, our current T&D assets and practices are extremely well understood. As changes are implemented, our learning curve starts again Sensitive loads used to be only the purview of the end user now utilities are getting into the game! PQ databases are currently the largest maintained by most utilities we have the most experience dealing with gridsourced data The benefits of the Smart Grid are profound, but the challenges will be equally vexing, requiring PQ expertise

Increasing Complexity: New Grid-connected Devices like Smart Metes

Increasing Complexity: PEV Charging Systems PEV to Grid Communications SAE J2293 / J2836: Communications between the vehicle and grid. Zigbee / Homeplug Alliance Smart Energy 2.0: Common Messaging for PEV communication Premise Meter 12345 Premise HAN Mainstream Charging Connector SAE J1772: North America and Japan charging connector due mid 2009 Power Quality and Energy Efficiency SAE J2894: New standard for onboard chargers Sub Meter Meter 12345 Transformer Interim Meter EVSE National Smart Grid Standards National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is working on mainstreaming standards associated with Smart Grid Technology Sub Meter Sub Meter Sub Meter Two vehicles in same garage

Problem What Happens When These Devices Interact? Possible EMI Problems with Smart Meters Radiated and conducted problems have been reported and documented Conducted DG equipment: PV systems Radiated End-use loads Effects on meters Interruption of communications Reduced (20-30 %) metering of rate payer load 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

Prevention: Introduction of New Conducted Limits for Narrow- and Broad-Band for Smart devices For Narrow-Band Signals and Noise For Wide-Band Signals and Noise 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Problem: Unforeseen Equipment Vunerabilities Example: LED Traffic Lights Inconsistencies in results of technology assessments Circuit protection EMI filtering Response to electrical disturbances Effects of environment on efficiencies Thermal performance SC testing clearly indicates state of technologies EPRI research results increase knowledge of product designers Low-Frequency Conducted Emissions Failure of Line Fuse at 7 kv Combination Wave Surge Testdue to Incorrect MOV to Fuse Coordination 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

LED Traffic Lights New Technology brings along Old Compatibility Issues Manufacturers continue to use old internal mitigation techniques for emissions control and immunity Efficiency performance sensitive to voltage quality Surge performance involves more than just use of SPDs Products must show enhanced performance (e.g., immunity to electrical environment) as environment becomes more complex and threatening to electronic loads 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

LED Traffic Lights - Solution EPRI Research Determines How Electrical Environment Affects Qualities of Light Electronic Lighting Devices & Fixtures High-Temp Static Testing Low-Temp Static Testing Ambient Rating (Fixture) Light Source & Electronics Heat Sinking Ambient Rating (Driver or RF Generator) Ambient Rating (LED Arrays) EC Hot Spots Electronic Efficiency Energy Performance Immunity Emissions Power Cycling Thermal Cycling Heat Transfer Case Hot Spots Thermal Electrical Reliability Component Thermal Performance Optics, Lens, Diffuser Mounting Fixture Assembly Weight Mechanical Photometric & Optical Luminous Flux (lumens) Color (CCT) Performance Packaging for Shipment RF Generator or Driver Mounting Corrosion Resistance Glare Color (CRI) Performance Macadam Ellipse Vibration Rating EPA Rating Hanging & Mounting System Lamp & System Efficacy Color Drift Illuminance (f-c, lux) Electrical Disturbances & Temperature Affect Aspects of Light Output 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Opportunity: Use of the Grid as an EE Tool Peak Demand Reduction & Customer Energy Efficiency though Voltage Optimization Progress Carolinas Distribution System Demand Response (DSDR) Program Filing Reduce peak demand 247MW Program Cost O&M: $30.6M Capital: $229.4M, 5 Years Substation Regulators Capacitor Banks Sectionalizers Distributed Regulators Dominion Virginia Power Energy Conservation Plan Filing 1.1 Million MWhr savings through AMI enabled voltage conservation for 80% of customers $600M investment needed Advanced Distribution Optimization Communication Network Feeder Voltage Optimization Enables Peak Demand Reduction and Reducing Customer Losses What are the impacts on End User sensitivity? Realtime Metering

Problem: Important Customer Sensitivity Issues Solution: Preventing increased transients and resonance from massive deployment of switching capacitors Substation Regulators Capacitor Banks Sectionalizers Distributed Regulators Realtime Metering Communication Network Advanced Distribution Optimization

Problem: Important Customer Sensitivity Issues (cont.) Solution: Preventing/anticipating the stalling of motors operating at below nameplate voltage (e.g. 230V vs. <208V)

Important Customer Sensitivity Issues Solution: Ensuring that reduced nominal voltage doesn t result in increased customer process interruptions during voltage sag events

Dealing with Data EPRI PHEV Distribution System Impacts Need for Modeling/Simulation Regulator Capacitor 300kvar 900kvar 900kvar 900kvar Substation 900kvar 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Hour 16 18 20 22 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 KW 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Residential transformers are the first assets significantly impacted 900kvar Flexibility in Model Development High-fidelity distribution feeder models Spatial and temporal variation of circuit loads and PHEV Loads Dynamic simulation of full electrical model serving PHEV loads through annual load cycle

Solution: Managing the Data Tsunami For most modern utilities, the PQ data base is the largest they maintain In addition to technology, the Smart Grid is also based on a massive increase in data inflow Our PQ database produce results because they are controlled by one group from sensor to analysis We will most likely NOT have that luxury for Smart Gridproduced data streams R&D and data integration is needed to avoid silo ing, data loss, and missed opportunities. 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 21