DOE OVT Energy Storage R&D Overview David Howell Hybrid and electric vehicles, energy storage technologies and control systems National and international R&D-projects, research institutions and funding programs Vienna, October 21 st 2008 in cooperation with and
The Partnership is an effort to develop advanced vehicle components that will reduce the dependence of the nation's personal transportation system on imported oil and minimize harmful vehicle emissions. Rethinking Propulsion. 2
Hybrid Technologies The DOE Office of Vehicle Technologies (OVT) seeks to make hybrid and electric vehicles practical and efficient Fuel Storage Battery Advanced Combustion Engine or Fuel Cell Electric Motor Lightweight Materials Power Electronics Rethinking Propulsion. 3
Resources FY 2008 Hybrid & Electric Systems Appropriation: $94.1M total Power Electronics & Electric Mach. $15.5M SBIR/STTR, $2.2M Vehicle & System Simulation & Testing $28.2M Energy Storage $48.2M Rethinking Propulsion. 4
Energy Storage Charter Develop batteries and ultracapacitors to support future commercialization of hybrid and electric vehicles Target Applications Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs, FCVs Develop a 25 kw Power-Assist battery that costs $500. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Develop a PHEV battery that enables a 40 miles all-electric range and costs $3,400. Battery Electric Vehicles (EVs) Rethinking Propulsion. 5
Program History Year Initiative Technology Focus 1978 DOE Battery R&D EV: Lead Acid, Zinc Air, NiFe 1991 DOE-USABC Agreement EV: NaS,NiMH, LiMP 1994 PNGV Initiated HEV: NiMH 2002 FreedomCAR Initiated HEV: Li Ion 2006 Advanced Energy Initiative PHEV: Li Ion Why lithiumion? Rethinking Propulsion. 6
Why Lithium-ion? Range Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 1000 100 10 6 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 100 h Li-ion Lead-Acid 10 h 1 h Ragone Plot Relative Performance of Various Electrochemical Energy-Storage Devices Ni-MH 0.1 h Fuel Cells HEV goal IC Engine Capacitors 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 Specific Power (W/kg) Acceleration Source: Product Data Sheets 36 s EV goal PHEV-40 goal PHEV-10 goal 3.6 s Rethinking Propulsion. 7
Lithium-based Technologies Conductive additives Cu Current Collector e Anode: e.g., Graphite e e Cathode: e.g., LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 Al Current Collector Electrolyte Liquid organic solvents Polymers Gels Ionic liquids Binder Separator Li + Cathode Layered transition-metal oxides Spinel-based compositions Olivine-based compositions Vanadium oxide Sulfur Anode Carbon-based Alloys and intermetallics Oxides Lithium-metal Presently five classes of cathodes, three classes of anodes, and three classes of electrolytes are under consideration for Li-ion cells for transportation applications Four important criteria for selection of a battery chemistry: cost, life, abuse tolerance, and performance None of the presently-studied chemistries appear to satisfy all four criteria Rethinking Propulsion. 8
Lithium-Ion Battery Status for Conventional Hybrid Vehicles Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for conventional hybrid vehicles are ready for commercialization. Most performance requirements have been met by high power Li-ion batteries developed with DOE support. Mature Li-ion chemistries have demonstrated more than 10-year life through accelerated aging R&D focus remains on cost reduction and improved abuse tolerance Gradual displacement of NiMH batteries is expected. Rethinking Propulsion. 9
Significant Accomplishments for Conventional Hybrid Batteries Every production HEV sold today uses intellectual property developed in the DOE NiMH Battery R&D program. Johnson Controls-Saft (JCS) will supply lithium-ion batteries to Mercedes for their S Class Hybrid to be introduced in October 2008. Technology developed with DOE support (the VL6P cell) will be used in the S Class battery. A123Systems is developing prototype HEV & PHEV lithium-ion batteries through contracts supported by DOE. Cobasys prototype NiMH battery pack. JCS prototype high power lithium ion battery pack. A123Systems prototype high power lithium ion cell. Rethinking Propulsion. 10
Focus is Changing Vehicle battery work focuses on hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) High power battery NiMH batteries in production Li-ion batteries ready for production (Program shifting focus to plug-in applications) Plug-in HEV (PHEV) High energy battery Li-ion most promising, but needs significant development Major development efforts underway Rethinking Propulsion. 11
PHEV Technology Development Roadmap There are many lithium battery chemistries. The most common are: 1 2 3 4 Graphite/Nickelate Graphite/Iron Phosphate Graphite/ManganeseSpinel Li-titanate/High Voltage Nickelate 5 6 7 Li alloy/high Voltage Positive Li/Sulfur Li Metal/Li-ion Polymer Exploratory Research Battery Cell and Module Development Battery Cost Reduction Commercialization 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lithium-ion Lithium-ion batteries batteries that that have have previously previously been been developed developed for for HEV HEV applications applications are are in in a a more more advanced advanced development development stage stage for for PHEVs PHEVs Rethinking Propulsion. 12
PHEV Battery R&D Challenges Plug-In Hybrids Current cost of PHEV batteries estimated to be over $1,000 per kwh. Need to reduce cost by a factor of 2-5. Same abuse tolerance issues as HEV batteries, yet with more available energy. Volume and weight are issues need to increase energy densities by 2-3 times. Life issues are unknown. Unclear how deep discharges will affect life. Rethinking Propulsion. 13
PHEV Battery Development Contracts DOE, in cooperation with USABC, develops vehicle batteries through competitive subcontracts with battery manufacturers. In the near-term, existing technologies that work well for conventional hybrids will be re-engineered & optimized for PHEVs. Develop batteries using nanophase ironphosphate. Develop batteries using a nickelate/layered chemistry based on their commercialized high energy cells. Develop batteries using Manganese-spinel based chemistry Develop cells using nano-phase lithium titanate anode and a high voltage cathode material. The total value of these contracts (including industry cost-share) is $38 million. Rethinking Propulsion. 14
PHEV Demonstration Projects selected; total $60M GM: Integrate dual-mode PHEV systems into Saturn VUE Green Line and demonstrate in utility fleets. Ford: Test and demonstrate systems necessary to develop a viable PHEV production program based on Ford Escape HEVs. GE/Chrysler: Develop and demonstrate PHEV minivans incorporating innovative dual battery energy storage systems. Rethinking Propulsion. 15
Research Directions In the long-term, new lithium battery chemistries with significantly higher energy densities need to be developed to enable PHEVs with a longer all-electric range High capacity positive electrode materials Electrolytes stable at 5 volts Alloy electrodes New materials with increased energy density mean: Less active material Fewer cells Less cell & module hardware Reduced weight and volume COST REDUCTION Rethinking Propulsion. 16
Exploratory Research Research to Develop Novel Materials for Lithium Batteries Activity Focus Develop advanced cathodes, anodes, electrolytes. Develop and apply advanced electrochemical models. Employ advanced diagnostic tools to investigate material failure mechanisms. Budget increase focused on high energy materials research and next generation, non-lithium-ion, chemistries. Current Participants National Laboratories Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Oak Ridge National laboratory Universities Brigham Young University Clemson University Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology State University of New York, Binghamton State University of New York, Stony Brook University of California, Berkeley University of Michigan University of Pittsburgh University of Texas University of Utah Rethinking Propulsion. 17
Applied Research Program A multi-lab effort to assist industrial battery developers to overcome barriers of Li-Ion battery technology Activity Focus FY2002-2008 focused on high power battery issues such as enhanced battery life, abuse tolerance, low temperature operation, and lower cost materials. FY2009 focus on PHEV 40 electrochemistry development and abuse tolerance improvements. Rethinking Propulsion. 18
Summary DOE s battery R&D program has evolved to focus on high-energy PHEV systems. Li-ion represents the most promising chemistry for PHEVs because of its high energy density, and potential longer life & lower cost. PHEV demonstrations are underway with major automakers. Lack of domestic battery manufacturing remains a significant challenge. Rethinking Propulsion. 19
Contact David Howell Acting Lead, Hybrid and Electric Systems Team Office of Vehicle Technologies U.S. Department of Energy Address: 1000 Independence Avenue Washington, DC 20585 Tel: +001-202-586-3148 Fax: +001-202-586-2476 web: http://www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ Email: David.Howell@ee.doe.gopv Rethinking Propulsion. 20
Thank you for your attention!!!!! Rethinking Propulsion. 21