International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp. 351-360, Article ID: IJMET_10_02_036 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=10&itype=2 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE USING A PRE-HEATING SET-UP FOR METHANOL BLENDS M. VykuntaRao * and K. Simhadri Department of Mechanical Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, GMR Nagar, Rajam- 532127, Andhra Pradesh State, India * Corresponding author ABSTRACT With ever increasing concern on energy security, future oil supplies, high performance of automobiles, the global community has been seeking for noneum alternative fuels. it leads to research in modifying the mechanical design and analysing its performance characteristics with vary in fuel used, applied load on engine, torque, lubrication etc. preheating is a method to increase the thermal efficiency of engine, decrease the humidity in inlet air supplied, reduce the undesired effects of cold start and in turn helps for complete combustion. The present research work was to analysis the performance characteristics of a four stroke DTS-I, single cylinder, air cooled, spark injection fuelled with blends in different concentrations. The results are compared with the modified engine in which the inlet air gets preheated. The engine test results showed improvement in all performance characteristics in modified engine. It results an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 4-6%, indicated thermal efficiency by 3-5% and improvement in Brake specific fuel consumption by 5.4% with comparison with normal engine. Keywords:, Brake thermal Efficiency, Pre-heating, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Cite this Article: M. VykuntaRao and K. Simhadri, Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine using a Pre- Heating Set-Up for Blends, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(2), 2019, pp. 351-360. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=10&itype=2 http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 351 editor@iaeme.com
Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine using a Pre-Heating Set-Up for Blends 1. INTRODUCTION The spark ignition engine is generally called as engine which takes in a flammable mixture of air and which is ignited by a timed spark plug during the compression stroke.it is classified into 2 strokes and 4 strokes. Diesel engines has high thermal efficiency than gasoline engines but the engine power output for gasoline engines are high [1]. Due to the diminishing of fossil fuels, search of alternative fuels came into existence [2]. SI engine can also run on auto gas,, ethanol, CNG, hydrogen etc... with change in performance and emission characteristics from one to another [3]. But their exist various drawback in order to get higher performance and efficiency. The thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine is lower at cold start condition than when the vehicle reaches steady state temperatures [4]. Due to improper injection timing, the level of exhaust emissions (NOx, HC and CO) are abnormal and affects globally [5]. One of the methods to achieve curtailment of IC engines is dual fuel mode.it generally uses combination of different fuels before ignition and injection into IC engines. Using natural gas as a supplement to normal diesel fuel in compression ignition engine, it suffers from low brake thermal efficiency and high CO emissions but no problem to engine operational lifetime [6]. A. paykani et al., has experimentally investigated by using dual fuel ( diesel-natural gas) to examine the engine performance and emission characteristics, it concluded that CO and HC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31% respectively[7]. The objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of -gasoline blend in the fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and find out the optimum fuel blend of different concentration which produced better results with preheating setup. -gasoline blends works under high compression ratio [8]. the combustion of fuel gives higher brake mean effective pressure which compensate the effect of low heating value or even rise of pressure cause higher thermal efficiency [9]. M.Abu-Zaid et al., studied the effect of addition to gasoline in the performance of four stroke, single cylinder SI engine.it was found that best engine performance for maximum power and minimum BSFC occurs when a mixture of M15 is used [10]. 1.1. as Alternative Fuel is derived from any material that can be decomposed into CO (or CO2) and hydrogen. The primary feedstock for production is natural gas, lignite coal and renewable resources such as wood, agricultural biomass materials, waste biomass and municipal wastes [5]. The physical and chemical properties of and gasoline blends are shown in table (1). With the usage of as blend, the following benefits and drawback are resulted. 1.1.1. Benefits a) It has greater octane number, high heat of evaporation, oxygen content by weight % higher than other fuels [3]. b) It is high efficient and have better engine performance through their lean operating ability [11] c) In compare to pure with blend, the CO & NOx emissions are reduced by about 25% & 80% [12]. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 352 editor@iaeme.com
M. VykuntaRao and K. Simhadri 1.1.2. Drawbacks a) vehicles requires larger fuel tanks and expensive than engines [3]. b) has higher flash point (45c). it requires a special ignition system for proper working. c) Using pure produces more CO and HC emissions in mode. [13] 1.1.3. Pre-Heating In IC engines, the inlet air temperature plays an important role in achieving better efficiency [14]. IC engine efficiency depends on multiple complex parameters like heat losses during cooling of engine, heat losses in exhaust gases, friction loss, transmission efficiency losses etc [15,16]. 60-70% of fuel energy is still lost as waste heat through coolant or the exhaust.in considering the view, waste heat recovery with convection methods is used like pre-heaters [17]. Air Intake Heaters are installed in the intake manifold and pre-heat the combustion air to the required temperature for ignition of fuel.it reduces white smoke, engine wear, battery consumption and fuel consumption during start up and reduce the effect of cold start. [4,18]. using pre-heating for gasoline blends, the humidity in the atmospheric air affects the vaporization in the carburetor. Therefore, the inlet to the carburetor for a considerable amount, the vaporization can be ease and in turn proper combustion and ignition is achieved [19-21]. Brake specific fuel consumption is improved under high-load operating conditions [22]. 2. EXPERIMENTATION The engine test was performed at constant engine speed. The speed can be measured by tachometer. For each experiment, five runs were performed to obtain an average value of experimental data. Experiments were performed at various loads as null load, 2 kg, 4 kg, 6 kg, 8 kg. -gasoline blends were prepared by volume measure by 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%.the specification of engine are tabulated in table 2. It was first tested on a normal engine and then it was tested on a modified engine with preheater setup. Table 1 Properties of and gasoline http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 353 editor@iaeme.com
Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine using a Pre-Heating Set-Up for Blends Table 2 Engine specification A four-stroke spark ignition engine is mounted on the fabricated frame as shown in fig.1. The frame has a provision for a rope brake dynamometer to be fitted. The engine used in this case is a Pulsar 150cc engine. Performance test is conducted on the engine under normal condition and the observations are used to calculate the efficiencies in this case. are used to calculate the efficiencies in this case. Figure 1 Set up of normal engine Figure 2 Modified engine experimental set up http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 354 editor@iaeme.com
BSFC(Kg/KwH) S.F.C(Kg/KwH) M. VykuntaRao and K. Simhadri The above figure shows the modified engine set-up mounted on the main frame. As shown above we use a copper tube in between the carburettor and the air filter. Now another copper tube of smaller diameter is wound around this tube. The other end is connecting to the silencer frame so that the heat of the exhaust gases is transferred to the copper tube. We use copper as it has high thermal conductivity. Hence using copper reduces the time of initial heating, before which the experiment is conducted. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Effect on S.F.C before & after pre-heating 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 3 Load v/s S.F.C for - blends in normal engine The variation of the specific fuel consumption with the engine load, for different blends before pre-heating are shown in Fig 3. The specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase in the load. With the increase in amount of (%) in blends, S.F.C is more in all blends except for M10 & M20 blends compared to pure. B20+10% DEE has lower specific fuel consumption when compare to other tested samples. M100 has higher & M20 has lower specific fuel consumption when compare to other tested samples. 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 4 Load v/s B.S.F.C for - blends in modified engine http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 355 editor@iaeme.com
Brake thermal efficiency(%) Brake thermal efficiency(%) Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine using a Pre-Heating Set-Up for Blends The variation of the specific fuel consumption with the engine load, for different blends after pre-heating are shown in Fig 4. Due to preheating setup, the S.F.C values are less than without preheating for all tested fuels. M20 blends has consumed less S.F.C in both cases compare to all other tested fuel samples. 3.1.1. Effect on Brake thermal efficiency before & after preheating 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 5 Load v/s B.T.E for - blends in normal engine The variation of BTE with engine load, for different blends of - are shown in Fig 5. with increase in loads, BTE increases. With increase in %, brake thermal efficiency decreased. blends up to 50% in pure has higher brake thermal efficiency.m20 has higher B.T.E at all loads compare to all tested fuel samples. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 6 Load v/s B.T.E for - blends in modified engine The variation of BTE with engine load, for different blends of - are shown in Fig 5. With the increase in load, B.T.E increases. Due to preheating of inlet air the B.T.E increased compare to before preheating at all loads. M20 has higher B.T.E at all loads compare to all tested fuel samples. Compare to, M20 has 12% increased B.T.E. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 356 editor@iaeme.com
M. VykuntaRao and K. Simhadri 3.2. Effect on Indicated thermal efficiency before & after preheating: indicated thermal efficiency(%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 7 Load v/s I.T.E for - blends in normal engine Figure 8 Load v/s I.T.E for - blends in modified engine The variation of ITE with engine load, for different blends of - are shown in Fig 8. At null load, the variations in I.T.E is less between 2-3% expect for M100. In Fig 8, the variation in I.T.E after preheating are shown. It showed better results with increased efficiency by 3-5%. Pure has less I.T.E than pure. M20 has high I.T.E than other fuels followed by M40 compared to all other tested fuels before and after preheating. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 357 editor@iaeme.com
mechanical efficiency(%) mechanical efficiency(%) Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine using a Pre-Heating Set-Up for Blends 3.3. Effect on Mechanical efficiency before and after preheating 90 70 50 30 10-10 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 9 load v/s ɳ(mech) for - blends in normal engine 90 70 50 30 10-10 10% 20% 40% 60% 80% Figure 10 Load v/s ɳ(mech) for - blends in modified engine The variation of mechanical efficiency with engine load, for different - blends before and after preheating are shown in Fig 9 & Fig 10. efficiency s increases due to preheating of inlet air, there exists a larger fluctuation in mechanical efficiency for all blends at different loads.m10 has higher M.E followed by M20 in comparison with all other tested fuels. 4. CONCLUSIONS From the experimentation, following are the conclusions, The performance characteristics of - blends are improved due to preheating of inlet air in modified engine M20 has 16% lesser specific fuel consumption compared to pure in modified engine. Pure has more specific fuel consumption than. Comparing to B.T.E, M20 has 35% more brake thermal efficiency and a increase by 4-6% in modified engine. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 358 editor@iaeme.com
M. VykuntaRao and K. Simhadri 5. FUTURE SCOPE There are many problems demanding further research & development work are as follows: Varying the engine specifications of testing setup such as ignition system, compression ratio, injection timing and addition of additives has been carried out in many studies on IC engines to reduce emissions and performance better. REFERENCES [1] Yao, C., Cheung, C. S., Cheng, C., & Wang, Y. (2007). Reduction of smoke and NO x from diesel engines using a diesel/ compound combustion system. Energy & fuels, 21(2), 686-691. [2] Kowalewicz, A. (1993). as a fuel for spark ignition engines: a review and analysis. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 207(1), 43-52. [3] Pankhaniya, A. M., Chauhan, B. B., & Ranpara, C. S. (2011). Study of Performance & Exhaust Analysis of Petrol Engine Using -Gasoline blends. In Proc. of International Conf. on Current Trends in Technology (NUiCONE-2011), institute of technology, Nirma university, Ahmedabad (pp. 1-5). [4] Roberts, A., Brooks, R., & Shipway, P. (2014). Internal combustion engine cold-start efficiency: A review of the problem, causes and potential solutions. Energy Conversion and Management, 82, 327-350. [5] Sayin, C., Ilhan, M., Canakci, M., & Gumus, M. (2009). Effect of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel blends. Renewable Energy, 34(5), 1261-1269. [6] Papagiannakis, R. G. (2013). Study of air inlet preheating and EGR impacts for improving the operation of compression ignition engine running under dual fuel mode. Energy conversion and management, 68, 40-53. [7] Paykani, A., Saray, R. K., Shervani-Tabar, M. T., & Mohammadi-Kousha, A. (2012). Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads. Journal of Central South University, 19(5), 1346-1352. [8] Wang, Q., Yao, C., Dou, Z., Wang, B., & Wu, T. (2015). Effect of intake pre-heating and injection timing on combustion and emission characteristics of a fumigated diesel engine at part load. Fuel, 159, 796-802. [9] Farkade, H. S., & Pathre, A. P. (2012). Experimental investigation of, ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on SI engine. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2(4), 205-215. [10] Abu-Zaid, M., Badran, O., & Yamin, J. (2004). Effect of addition on the performance of spark ignition engines. Energy & Fuels, 18(2), 312-315. [11] Alasfour, F. N. (1998). NOx emission from a spark ignition engine using 30% isobutanol gasoline blend: part 1 preheating inlet air. Applied Thermal Engineering, 18(5), 245-256. [12] Yanju, W., Shenghua, L., Hongsong, L., Rui, Y., Jie, L., & Ying, W. (2008). Effects of /gasoline blends on a spark ignition engine performance and emissions. Energy & Fuels, 22(2), 1254-1259. [13] Wani, M. M. (2018). Computational Investigations on the Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine Using Petrol and as Its Alternative Fuels. Energy and Power, 8(1), 7-15. [14] Ganesan, V. (2012). Internal combustion engines. McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd. http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/index.asp 359 editor@iaeme.com
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