2018( 平成 30) 年度大学院 1 期 B 日程 学科試験 英語 ( 試験時間 60 分 ) 注意事項 1. 試験開始の合図があるまで, この問題冊子の中を見てはいけません 2. 試験開始後に, 解答用紙に受験番号と氏名を記入してください 3. 解答はすべて解答用紙の所定欄に記入してください 4. 試験時間中に問題冊子 解答用紙の印刷不鮮明, ページの落丁 乱丁等に気付いた場合は, 手を挙げて監督者に知らせてください 5. 辞書を使用することができますが, 電子辞書は使用できません 6. 試験終了後, 問題冊子は持ち帰ってください 大学院経営戦略研究科
次の文章を読み, 下の問い ( 問 1~6) に答えなさい Two more illustrious Japanese firms admit to falsifying inspection data Akio Morita, co-founder of Sony, liked to recall his first trip to Germany in 1953, when a waiter stuck a small paper parasol in his ice-cream and sneered: This is from your country. Like many of his post-war compatriots, Mr Morita was ashamed that Japan was known for shoddy goods. The fierce drive to reverse that reputation resulted in the Deming Prize (1), a quality-control award named after an American business guru so revered in Japan that he received a medal from the emperor for contributing to its industrial rebirth. All that hard work is under threat. Toray Industries (2), a textiles and chemicals giant, is the latest pillar of corporate Japan to admit to quality problems. This week a subsidiary said it had faked inspections on reinforcement cords used to strengthen car tyres. Sadayuki Sakakibara, a former president of Toray, said he was ashamed and apologised on behalf of Keidanren, the powerful business lobby he now heads. On November 23 rd, Mitsubishi Materials (3) sheepishly confessed (during a public holiday) that its subsidiaries had falsified data, on aluminium and other products used in aircraft and cars, given to customers in Japan, America, China and Taiwan. Those customers include Japan s air force, earning a rebuke from Itsunori Onodera, the defence minister. Kobe Steel, which was founded in 1905, recently revealed that it had sold non-conforming products (4) to Boeing, Ford, Toyota and other household names. The firm had faked data on the tensile strength the ability to withstand loads without breaking of alminium sheets, copper products and other items shipped to over 500 companies. Nissan and Subaru, both car firms, have admitted to similar fakery. The welter of revelations is bad for Japanese business as a whole. Its main defence against low-cost competitors from China, Taiwan and South Korea is its reputation for quality, says Takeshi Miyao, a consultant to the local car industry. Hiroshige Seko, the economy minister, said the falsifications had shaken the foundations of fair trade and demanded to know why it had taken Mitsubishi over six months to admit misconduct. (5) That is timely compared with Nissan. Its use of uncertified technicians on final vehicle checks goes back 40 years. The technicians reportedly borrowed hanko Japan s all-important signature seals from qualified inspectors. Ironically, a corporate-governance code (6) introduced in 2015 to rev up competitiveness may explain why such facts are coming to light. The code, which includes a whistleblowing clause, has encouraged employees to speak out, says Toshiaki Oguchi of Governance for Owners Japan, a governance lobby group (Toray disclosed its cheating only after an anonymous online post). Privately, people at car firms complain that the problems in their industry relate to excessively stringent government standards introduced in the early 1950s. Some workers consider them primitive and unnecessary. It is also possible that manufacturers set standards too high. Many have stayed ahead of competitors by promising to deliver products that go far beyond minimum standards of quality or performance, says Alberto Moel, a specialist in industrial robotics. Conflict occurs when pressure flows down to the factory floor to meet those promises, he says. Then you get corner-cutting, misrepresentations and sometimes unethical or even criminal behavior. Nissan s woes have been blamed by some on Carlos Ghosn, its former chairman (nicknamed Le Cost Cutter ), who sacked thousands of workers. It is too early to predict permanent damage to Japanese manufacturing, says Koji Endo of SBI 1
Securities in Tokyo. Most of the recent cases relate to paperwork rather than actual quality standards, he argues. They have thus far resulted in no foreign product recalls. (7) True, Takata, a maker of defective airbags, was forced out of business this year by a blizzard of lawsuits linked to at least 18 fatalities, but other firms have rebounded. Toyota is again the world s top carmaker, despite a recall of vehicles with faulty accelerator pedals. That followed years of restructuring. Most Japanese companies now have at least two independent directors on their boards; until recently, they usually had none. The result is closer scrutiny of wrongdoing, along with greater pressure to perform well financially. The battle between quality and cost-cutting will surely intensify, says Mr Oguchi. The key is getting the balance right. Republished with permission of The Economist, from 'Kaizen crisis: Japan's product-quality scandals', December 2nd 2017; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 問 1 下線 (1) Deming Prize とはどのような賞であると書かれているか簡潔に説明しなさい 問 2 下線 (2) Toray Industries と下線 (3) Mitsubishi Materials の不祥事について書かれている内容で, 共通しているのはどのようなことか簡潔に説明しなさい 問 3 下線 (4) non-conforming products とは具体的に何が問題であったと書かれているか説明しなさ い 問 4 下線 (5) を日本語に訳しなさい なお, 文中の Takeshi Miyao には宮尾健,Hiroshige Seko には世 耕弘成の漢字を当てなさい 問 5 下線 (6) corporate-governance code は本来どのような狙いがあって導入されたと書かれているか説 明しなさい 問 6 下線 (7) を日本語に訳しなさい なお, 文中の Koji Endo には遠藤功治の漢字を当てなさい 2
2018( 平成 30) 年度 1 期 B 日程 受験番号氏名 英語 解答用紙 問 1 問 2 問 3 問 4 問 5 問 6 3
正解 解答例 4
解答例 問 1 (10 ) アメリカビジネス界のリーダー名 (Deming) を冠した品質管理に関する賞で 産業再生 に貢献した場合に表彰される 問 2 (10 ) いずれも子会社が製品の品質を偽装している 問 3 (10 ) アルミニウムシート 銅製品などの引っ張り強度 ( 破損することなく負荷に耐える能力 ) に関するデータを偽った 問 4 (30 ) 発覚による混乱は 日本のビジネス全体にとって悪いことだ 地域の自動車産業のコンサルタントである宮尾健氏は 中国 台湾 韓国の低価格競争相手に対する主な防衛策は 品質に対する評判だと語る 経済産業大臣世耕弘成氏は 偽装は 公正取引の基盤を揺さぶる と述べ 三菱マテリアルが違法行為を認めるのに 6 ヶ月以上かかった理由を知りたいと要求した 問 5 (10 ) 競争力を高めるために導入された 問 6 (30 ) SBI 証券の遠藤功治氏は 日本の製造業にとって永続的な被害を予測するのは時期尚早だ と述べた 最近のケースのほとんどは 実際の品質基準ではなく事務処理に関するものだ これま でのところ 外国製品リコールは生じていない 5