Green Motions Ulm, 01.04.2014 Batteries & Fuel Cells for a Sustainable Growth Prof. Dr. Werner Tillmetz Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) -1-
Targets in Energy Policy & Technology Advanced Renewable Energy and storage technologies offer huge potentials to support these targets -2-
World Energy Consumption Today 16,7% Source: REN21`s Renewables 2012 Status Report Today: 80% fossil energy combined with a fast growing energy demand Tomorrow: modern Renewables must dominate >>> a huge challenge -3-
Peak Oil year Source: General Motors -4-
Peak Oil Overcome the dilemma of growing demand and declining resources by - maximizing efficiencies - maximize use of Renewable Energy year Source: General Motors -5-
Electric Mobility and Renewable Energy 20 m 2 photovoltaic generate enough power to run a electric car all year (Solar Radiation Germany yearly driving distance 12 000 km) -6-
Growth of Photo Voltaic Power in Germany 26.000 24.000 22.000 Energiebereitstellung [GWh] installierte Leistung [MWp] 24.820 MW p 26.000 24.000 22.000 20.000 20.000 18.000 18.000 16.000 16.000 [GWh] 14.000 12.000 14.000 12.000 [MW p ] 10.000 10.000 8.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 1 2 3 6 8 11 16 26 32 42 64 76 162 313 556 1.282 2.220 3.075 4.420 6.583 11.683 19.000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 Quelle: BMU-KI III 1 nach Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat); 1 GWh = 1 Mio. kwh; 1 MW = 1 Mio. Watt; Hintergrundbild: BMU / Bernd Müller; Stand: März 2012; Angaben vorläufig -7-
Cost Reduction through increased Production Volume 26.000 24.000 22.000 Energiebereitstellung [GWh] installierte Leistung [MWp] 24.820 MW p 26.000 24.000 22.000 20.000 20.000 18.000 18.000 16.000 16.000 [GWh] 14.000 12.000 14.000 12.000 [MW p ] 10.000 10.000 8.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 1 2 3 6 8 11 16 26 32 42 64 76 162 313 556 1.282 2.220 3.075 4.420 6.583 11.683 19.000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 Quelle: BMU-KI III 1 nach Arbeitsgruppe Erneuerbare Energien-Statistik (AGEE-Stat); 1 GWh = 1 Mio. kwh; 1 MW = 1 Mio. Watt; Hintergrundbild: BMU / Bernd Müller; Stand: März 2012; Angaben vorläufig -8-
Cost of Electricity and Solar Radiation cts/kwh 50 45 40 35 Electricity Cost from PV Germany Solar Radiation in Europe 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Danube Region 2007 2008 2009 Cost of electricity for private customers small plant large plant 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cost of electricity from PV is becoming more and more competitive The south eastern Danube region has at least 30% advantage over Germany -9- EEG Vergütung PV EEG 12.ppt
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity Source: REN21`s Renewables 2012 Status Report High growth rates in Wind and Solar Power provide good business opportunities -10-
Renewables offer significant Potential for Job Creation Source: REN21`s Renewables 2012 Status Report More than 1 Million new Jobs created in Europe -11-
Electrochemical Energy Technologies Development of batteries and fuel cells -Synthesis and characterization of active materials - Modeling and simulation - Optimization of components and systems - Testing, evaluation and qualification Scientific and industry co-operations Main Building, Helmholtzstraße 8 elab, Lise-Meitner Straße 24-12-
Battery-Electric-Vehicles (BEV) Range 100 200 km City Cars & Car Sharing (e.g. car2go) Delivery Vans (Parcel Service, Crafts Men etc.) Majority of private car drives: < 40 km a day - less than 6 kwh to be recharged - sufficient energy in a 20 kwh battery - 23h time to recharge (at home, at work, at shopping center ) -13-
Battery-Electric-Vehicles (BEV) Fuel cost for 100 km Range 100 200 km BEV: 4 5 City Cars & Car Sharing (e.g. car2go) IEC: 12 16 Delivery Vans (Parcel Service, Crafts Men etc.) Majority of private car drives: < 40 km a day - less than 6 kwh to be recharged - sufficient energy in a 20 kwh battery - 23h time to recharge (at home, at work, at shopping center ) -14-
Requirements for Automotive Applications Energy Density > 200 Wh/kg Cost < 250 /kwh Safety in operation & crash Lifetime >15 years > 3.000 cycles Operating Conditions - 30 C to +50 C Power acceleration, recuperation, charging Resources materials, know how, IP -15- >>> large R&D efforts needed to meet all the requirements
Core Competencies in Li-Ion Technology - Material Synthesis & Characterization - Particle Morphology - Electrochemical Properties - Disassembly & Post Mortem Analysis - Slurry Preparation - Coating Technology - Performance Testing - Safety Testing - Battery Management System - Cell Design - Assembly Technologies - Cell Formation -16-
Core Competence: Material Synthesis - Particle Morphology - Electrochemistry Synthesis of advanced active materials: cathodes anodes - electrolytes Optimization, morphology and particle size Characterization & electrochemical properties TiO 2 Li 2 MnO 3 Elektrolyte -17- >>> advanced materials determine future success
Core Competence: Advanced Materials High Energy Density 5 LiCoO 2 Li(Ni,Mn,Co)O 2 5 4 LiMn 2 O 4 4 Safe Material Li(Ni,Co,Al)O 2 Cell Voltage 3 LiFePO 4 3 Stability Window Electrolyte Cell Voltage 2 1 Amorphous carbon Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 2 1 Zero Strain Material (Cycle Life) -18-0 Li Graphite SEI film formation >>> huge variety in active materials offers a huge variety in properties Si 0
Core Competence: Slurry Preparation Coating Technologies Recipe development for electrode slurries Homogeneity, rheology and stability of dispersions Coating, drying and calendaring with high quality and speed Electrode micro structure, porosity and adhesion >>> know how drives quality in electrode manufacturing -19-
Core Competence: Cell Design - Assembly Technologies Formation Standard formats (pouch, prismatic, cylindrical) Optimized designs and assembly methods Automated assembly technologies Accurate electrolyte filling & formation p g [ ] 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 Vollzelle Kathode Anode 0,6 V 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0,0 05 0,075 V 0-20- >>> cost reduction through high speed & accurate assembling technologies
Core Competence: Performance & Safety Testing Battery Management Test center for cells, modules and battery systems Lifetime and performance testing Safety (abuse) test chambers Battery management system and monitoring technologies Mathematical modeling and system engineering -21- >>> advanced test protocols reflect real world experience
Core Competence: Disassembly and Post-Mortem Analyses Standardized process for cell opening and failure analysis Correlation of analysis result and root cause Accurate data base for statistics and assessment Ageing mechanisms and accelerated ageing methods Workstation for cell opening Disassembled pouch cell Li-Plating -22- >>> learning from failures leads to improved cells
Fuel Cells Vehicles fueled by Renewable Hydrogen 1. Generation vehicles successfully in all day operation for more than 6 years 2. and 3. Generation on the road today Series production to start in 2015 Meets customer requirements in - Range - Fast Refueling - Heating and Air Conditioning -23-
Design of a Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Stack Flowfield Plate 2e - 2e - H + Air O 2 O 2 H 2 H 2 Fuel Single Cell Expanded Single Fuel Cell Membrane(Electrolyte) & Electrodes -24-
Fuel Cell Technologies and Manufacturing Techniques CAD design, FEM analysis, assembly and acceptance testing Power range from 50 W el bis 100 kw el Sealing and adhesion technology Investigation of manufacturing techniques Robot based stack assembly Durability testing (continuous operation for 20,000 hours) Experience with more than 700 Stacks CAD drawing of a 100 cm² fuel cell stack Automotive fuel cell stack Sealing and adhesion technology -25-
Fuel Cell Testing Low and high temperature PEM Fuel cell stacks Tests of fuel cell systems and system components Hardware in the Loop tests Automotive tests Adjustable control system and test configuration Automated data analysis Failure analysis -26-
Fuel Cell Systems Design and development of fuel cell systems - 100 W el - 100 kw el - Automotive systems - Portable systems - Off-grid and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) - Residential power supply and CHP systems Prototype construction Operating strategies System simulations System analysis H2-Airport-Scooter 4 kw KWK System -27-
Fueling Station of the Future Electricity and Hydrogen from Renewable Energies Quelle: Hydrogenics -28-
// Energy with a future // Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff- Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) Thank you for your attention! Stuttgart: Photovoltaics Division, Energy Policy and Energy Carriers, Central Office Widderstall: Outdoor Test Facility Ulm: Electrochemical Energy Technologies Division, Main Building Ulm: Laboratory for Battery Technologies (elab) -29-