Toyota s Vision of Fuel Cell Vehicle Akihito Tanke Toyota Motor Europe 30 September, 2010
Global Environmental Change 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 Peak oil and rapid increase in CO2 concentration
CO2 Emissions by Sector Residential 5% Industry 24% Others 9% Transport 20% Power generation 42% US Japan Others Residential 4% 5% Industry 11% Transport 32% Residential 12% Industry 16% Power generation 48% Others 6% Transport 24% Power generation 42% China EU Others 4% Residential 4% Industry 31% Transport 7% Year 2006 data Source: IEA 2008 Power generation 54% Comprehensive approach is required for each region and sector
Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues Oil Natural gas Coal Biomass Technology improvement of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles Gas storage technology Gasification/ synthetic technology / cost Obtain desired properties Technology utilizing cellulose Build infrastructure CO 2 reduction technology (during production of fuel) Stabilize supply Drilling and refining technology and cost ICE Internal combustion engine Nuclear energy Hydro, Solar, Geothermal energy Electrical storage technology for PHVs and EVs Hydrogen storage technology / cost Infrastructure development CO 2 reduction technology (thermal power station) Infrastructure 2010 development 2030 Electrical storage technology for EV CO 2 reduction technology (during hydrogen production) Future Fuel Issues 2009 Oil will remain as main fuel for a while However, diversification of energy source for vehicles will also increase EV FCHV
Volumetric Energy Density Liquid fuels are superior in terms of energy density
Response to Environmental & Energy Issues Vehicle size HVs & PHVs with internal combustion engine FCHVs Heavy-duty trucks Passenger cars Route buses Express trains EVs Motorcycles Short-distance commuters HV FCHV(BUS) FCHV Delivery trucks Regular trains EV PHV Winglet series Small delivery vehicles Driving distance Fuel Electricity Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc. Hydrogen EVs: short-distance vehicles; HVs and PHVs with ICE: wide-use vehicles; FCHVs: medium-to-large, long distance vehicles.
Hybrid technology in PHVs, EVs and FCHVs EV Motor Battery Fuel tank Engine PHV Motor Motor Battery Battery Engine Fuel tank Fuel tank Engine FCHV (Hydrogen FCEV) Motor Battery FC stack H2 tank Hybrid technology is applicable to any energy sources
Comparison between Fuel Cell and Battery Fuel Cell has advantages to achieve a practical cruising range
Electric-Powered Vehicles : PHV and EV Toyota RAV4 EV 96 03 Short distance commuter EV New Generation EV Mass production aimed by around 2012 PHV Toyota e-com Limited leasing : from the end of 09 99 01 Toyota aims to make effective use of Electricity with PHVs and EVs.
TOYOTA FCHV-adv Overall length/ width/ height (mm) Max. speed (km/h) 155 Vehicle Cruising range (km) 830 *1 Fuel economy (km/kg H 2 ) Seating capacity 4,735/ 1,815/ 1,685 Type Pure hydrogen 139 *1 (38km/L gasoline equiv.) 126 *2 (34.5km/L gasoline equiv. 5 *1 in Japanese 10-15 test cycle, Toyota in-house test *2 in Japanese JC08 test cycle, Toyota in-house test Fuel Storage system High-press. H 2 tank Max. storage pressure (MPa) Tank capacity (kg H 2 ) 70 6.0 (35 degc)
Evolution of TOYOTA FCHV 2002 model Toyota FCHV 2005 model World s 1 st available vehicle in the market Total 18 vehicles are leased in Japan & US. Received Model certificate Total 20 vehicles are leased in Japan & US. 2008 model Toyota FCHV-adv World s top cruising range & cold start
FCHV System Components Toyota FCHV is an integration of fuel cell system & hybrid technology
Major Technical Challenges for FC Vehicles
Cruising Range of TOYOTA FCHV-adv A. Cruising range Practical fuel economy * [km/liter] Fuel cell system efficiency [%] Practical driving cycle * 10-15 Japanese test cycle LA#4 test cycle In-house test Amount of fuel [liter] On-board fuel capacity [liter] ** * : measured by internal test cycle ** : Gasoline equivalent Load [%] TOYOTA FCHV-adv has achieved a practical cruising range of over 500 km.
TOYOTA FCHV-adv Long Distance Travel with Single Fueling A. Cruising range With one time fueling, FCHV-adv successfully traveled between Osaka and Tokyo under real-use conditions (air conditioning, etc.)
Cold Weather Performance Tests in Canada B. Freeze start capability Cold weather performance tests verified that cold start and driving performance of FCHV-adv was equivalent to that of gasoline-powered vehicles.
Durability of TOYOTA FC Stack C. Stack durability Reduction of physical deterioration Durability is steadily improving. For crossover, 25-years equivalent durability is confirmed.
Goal of Cost Reduction for FCHV D. Cost & Compactness Cost FCHV-adv - Simplification (Reduction of compornents) - Performance improvement => Lower cost - Use of mass produced parts => general-use parts - Reduction of material cost (price/quantity) Current development level (approx 1/4 of FCHV-adv) Still expensive Another 1/10 Limited introduction Solving technical problems Early diffusion Cost reduction Design, material, prod tech innovation Commercial -ization Effect of mass production In the near term, we aim to reduce the cost to 1/10 of the current level by innovations in design, materials and production technology.
TOYOTA Fuel Cell Technologies
Challenges of Infrastructure Development H2 Production Natural gas H2 Transport Off-site Reforming By-product from Steel, Soda, etc. Liquefaction Liquid H2 H2 Production Plant H2 Refueling Liquid H2 Trailer -253 (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.) Coal Reforming High-pressure Gaseous H2 H2 Compression Biomass High-pressure Gas Trailer H2 Station Fermentation => Reforming Pipeline Renewable energy Electrolysis Nuclear Power Generation Pyrolysis Urban Gas Pipeline 70 MPa High-pressure hydrogen Reforming Electrolysis Power Grid H2 Production On-site Reforming Hydrogen FCEV Effective measures should be implemented in hydrogen production, transport, storage and supply in order to encourage infrastructure preparation
Commercialization Scenario for FCVs & Infrastructure in Japan H2 Station Number Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Technology Technology & Market Early Commercialization Full Commercialization Demonstration Demonstration JHFC-2 Post JHFC Starting Period Expansion Period Profitable business Period 2010 2011 2015 2016 2025 2026 Solving technical issues and promotion of review regulations (Verifying & reviewing development progress as needed) Verifying utility of FCVs and H2 stations from socio-economic viewpoint Expanding production and sales of FCVs while maintaining convenience of FCV users Reducing costs for H2 stations and hydrogen fuel Continuously conducting technology development and review of regulations Contribute to diversity of energy sources and reduction of CO2 emissions Vehicle Number Approx. 1,000 H2 stations* Approx. 2 million FCVs* Determine specifications of commercial type H2 stations Begin building commercial type H2 stations Year Period in which preceded H2 station building is necessary Increase of FCV numbers through introduction of more vehicle models Costs for H2 station construction and hydrogen reach targets, making the station business viable. (FCV 2,000 units/station) Note: Vertical axis indicates the relative scale between vehicle number & station number. * Precondition: Benefit for FCV users (price/convenience etc.) are secured, and FCVs are widely and smoothly deployed Source: Fuel Cell Commercialization of Japan (FCCJ)
Summary 1. For the diversification of energy sources and CO2 reduction, electricity and hydrogen become important energy sources. The early commercialization of e-mobility is an urgent matter. 2. Electric powered vehicles (battery EV/ hydrogen FCEV) enable the diversification of energy sources and zero CO2 emissions during driving. 3. The popularization of hydrogen FCEVs requires ; 1) Vehicle marketability 2) Hydrogen infrastructure development 3) Increased social acceptance of various energy sources 4. The technological development of hydrogen FCEVs has been progressing and the cost reduction is being promoted. Towards the beginning of commercialization in 2015, expect the establishment of infrastructure and early market of hydrogen FCEVS.
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