Subgroup on small combustion installation under EGTEI Zurich 3rd February 21 Determination for emission factors from small combustion installation Francesca Hugony hugony@ssc.it
SSC activity What is it? Experimental Institute, overseen by the Italian Government, which operates in the field of fuel characterisation, research and consultancy, within the framework of the Italian Ministry of Economical development to support the national industrial compartment of conventional and non conventional fuels Activities correlated to EGTEI subgroup on SCI Fuels analysis (elementary and proximate analysis) Determination of emission factors and energy performances of small-medium scale heating systems, (up to 3kW), fed with solid, gaseous and liquid fuels (renewable and fossil, conventional and alternative) In stack emission controls (also for italian public control authorities) Research correlated to EGTEI subgroup on SCI ARPA and Lombardy Region (Progetto PARFIL, 26-27) Milan Province (28) ENEA (29-21) Institutional activty
SSC installations Solid-gaseous-liquid fuels 5-3kW Boilers are connected with an hydraulic grid wich simulates the heating circuit of a common house An electronic control unit, equipped with mechanical regulating valves, keeps constant water temperature difference between the boiler inlet and outlet
SSC installations Gaseous fuels 17-35kW
SSC installations Wood fuels Started with PARFIL project of Lombardy Region 5-15kW Open, closed, wood stove, pellet stove A dilution tunnel, where flue gases are mixed with cold air in order to get minimum velocity conditions to allow particulate matter sampling As close as possible to real operating conditions
Flue gas analysis Gaseous pollutants CO, CO 2, O 2, NO x, SO 2, VOC standard methods (continuous analysers) Particles emissions PM EN13284 (gas boilers; boilers > 5kW) US method 5G (s and stoves) PM1/PM2.5 German standard method (Cascade impactor) Ultrafine particles Sampling with diluter - US EPA CTM 39 (FMPS)
Emission factors NOx 5-15kW 25-5kW 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 46 Open 81 Closed 32 81 Wood stove Pellet stove 4 3 2 1 349,7 8,7 36,83 3,29 NG - Base NG - BAT Gasoil Biodiesel 5kW-3 kw Max: NG base, Fuel oil Min: NG-BAT The others: comparable emissions 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 166,5 85 51,34 41,72 26,41 NG Gasoil Biodiesel Fuel Oil Pellet
Emission factors CO 5-15kW 25-5kW 6 5 4 3 2 1 52 Open 1617 Closed 279 Wood stove 3 Pellet stove 5 4 3 2 1 31,13 28,6 9,5 4,86 NG - Base NG - BAT Gasoil Biodiesel Max: Open Min: NG>5kW; Gasoil and Biodiesel Good performances for automatic pellet boiler 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 5kW-3kW 12 3,5,97 1,6,83 NG Gasoil Biodiesel Fuel Oil Pellet
Emission factors VOC 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 36 Open 55 Closed 5-15kW 4 Wood stove 12,6 Pellet stove 5 4 3 2 1 25-5kW 2,17 1,63,36,4 NG - Base NG - BAT Gasoil Biodiesel Max: Open Min: Boilers >25kW Good performances for automatic pellet boiler 2 1,5 1,5 5kW-3kW 1,9,11,11,14,1 NG Gasoil Biodiesel Fuel Oil Pellet
Emission factors PM Technology evolution lower PM emission High power range lower PM emission 13% O2 PM [mg/nm3] 6 526 5 4 3 2 1 Open 172 Closed 131 Wood stove 88,5 Pellet stove 11,8 Automatic boiler 15 kw
PM (mg/nm3) COV, CO (ppm) Emission factors for transient phases Transient phases for a closed Influence of cold kindling (SSC/Milan Province) 2 175 15 PM CO VOC 6 5 Fast response system based on light scattering 125 4 1 75 5 25 3 2 1 Measurement with dilution tunnel Gravimetric + optic PM measurements 4 8 12 16 2 24 28 32 36 time [s]
Emission factors for transient phases? PM Contribution of transitory phase during the first one hour appliance operation Important contribution of transitory phase in PM emissions (traditional stove closer to an open ) 6 5 4 199 1h transitory stationary Traditional stove 3 49 2 1 358 175 117 89 Open Closed Wood stove Closed
In progress ENEA/ARPA Lombardia/SSC Conventional factor emission + PM1, PM2.5, dioxins and PAH Different small installations, up to 25kW Different fuels (wood from different origin and pellet) Determination of a correlation between the particles emissions sampled in stack or in a dilution tunnel Deepen on transitory phases contribution on emission factor for stoves and s
Thank you!